Sequenced genomes

The article Brave New Genome is very interesting and raises some very good questions regarding bioethical issues. The articles introduces the topic by giving a brief timeline of events that have taken place in genome mapping over the years. One of the biggest discoveries occurred about ten years ago and scientists found that bacteria cells can be programmed to use DNA to reproduce specific types of genomes. Then in 2013 a scientists Zhang and Church were able to use this information and apply it…

To correct the mutation in the gene that lead to the development of cystic fibrosis, a team of Yale researchers led by Dr. Peter Glazer (Chairman, therapeutic radiology), Mark Saltzman (Chairman, biomedical engineering), and Dr. Marie Egan (professor of paediatrics and of cellular and molecular physiology), the collaborative team operated certainartificial molecules identical to DNA known as Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs), as well as donor DNA, to recover the genetic abnormality.Professor Egan…

David Daige Biol 1030H Due Date: April 1, 2016 Professor Laura Pacey Lab Report 5: Molecular Biology Techniques Abstarct The aim of this study is to accurately measure small volumes using the micropipettes and to use virtual STR and PCR programs to test the paternity of various cases. During the lab, 18uL of different volumes were successfully measured into a tubule using the micropipette. During the lab, fruit juice was accurately extracted from a solution using…

Through matching base pairing, one primer attaches to the top strand at one end of your segment and the other primer attaches to the bottom strand. In most cases, 2 primers that are 20 or so nucleotides long will target just one place in the entire genome. We put our extracted DNA into a pcr tube to begin this process. We then added primer to the pcr tube. We also added nucleotides. The last thing we added to the pcr tube was DNA polymerase. This reads the DNA code. DNA polymerase is selected as…

How does gene therapy work? A mutation leads to missing or malformed proteins can either be harmless or can lead to serious diseases. In case mutation is harmful and leads to serious diseases, doctors use gene therapy as a treatment. Lab technicians isolate normal DNA and package it into a vector, which acts as a molecular delivery truck. These vectors are composed of viral DNA sequences. They either injected or given intravenously (by IV) into a specific tissue in the patient’s body.…

All genes of living organisms are translated into proteins according to a single genetic code. Eighteen out of the twenty amino acids are encoded by multiple codons, called synonymous codons. If the ultimate goal of protein translation is to produce the encoded amino acid, each synonymous codon should be used equally. Interestingly however, biased usage among synonymous codons occurs in organisms like Escherichia coli and yeast. Codon usage bias refers to the fact that some synonymous codons are…

In the two years since President Obama announced the BRAIN Initiative, much progress has begun. The application to which these integrative technologies to specific question-based projects will grow over the later years of the Initiative. Continued development of technology will be applied in the middle stages of the BRAIN Initiative as combinations of technology begin to emerge (Bargmann BRAIN 2025). An example of this combination of technology is when scientists combing advance genetic and…

Genetic editing is a process where DNA is inserted, replaced, or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleus’s, or molecular scissors. Gene editing can be used to treat diseases and to modify aspects of an organism , but there are some disadvantages to genetic editing. There is also some question to the danger and ethicalness of genetic editing done to embryos. Genetic editing in the past has cured diseases like severe combined immune deficiency , leukemia and leber's…

modified to edit genomes. By delivering the Cas9 with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added. CRISPR-cas9 is like a tiny pair of scissors that scientists can control. Once the strand of DNA is split the cell recognizes that there is something wrong and it goes in to fix it. Scientists can use the DNA repair machinery to introduce changes to one or more genes in the genome of a cell…

at the University of Pennsylvania due to lack of informed consent and eligibility criteria for participation. Human genome project is other issue that is of major concern to privacy breach. With the advanced technology in genome sequencing and analysis, we are now able to decipher human genome. However, this leads to problems like patient future health concerns. One his/her genome sequence was known, using current bio-informatics databases we can predict about any possible development of…