Semipermeable membrane

CELL SIGNALING AND CELL TRANSDUCTION INTRODUCTION: In this lecture, we will study about cell signaling and signal transduction. Each cell in a multicellular animal is bombarded with chemical signals that are made by other cells and this is how communication occurs at cells level by different signaling molecule. Signals that regulate cell metabolism, alter or maintain its differentiated state, determine whether it should divide, and dictate whether it will live or die. The word “signals” in…

which are the building blocks of life. At the center of almost every cell is a dense organelle called the Nucleus. It contains the cell's genetic material and usually has a double membrane. The double membrane that protects the nucleus is similar to the thin single membrane made up of proteins and lipids. The membrane controls the passing of substances entering…

every living cell has water in it. Every living cell in surrounded by fluids. Water dissolves more substances then any other liquid. The ions dissolved in water are needed by organisms for growth and to manufacture various body substances. Every organism must keep it internal body fluids in balance in order to survive. Water uptake must balance water loss. Water- roots and root hair absorb water from the soil by osmosis. Roots are long and have a large surface area. Roots have thousand of root…

be reached by those body parts which are far away. Tiny fibres which are located in our muscles need a substantial amount of energy to be processed in order to carry out simple everyday duties such as lifting different mass objects. The plasma membrane which surrounds the cell is responsible for the exchanging…

of proteins into the nucleus occurs via a channel called nuclear pore complex (NPC), which penetrates and spans the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, hence giving a shorter pathway for proteins to enter the nucleus; inner nuclear membrane contains proteins acting as binding site for nuclear lamina, indirectly providing support for the NPC as the primary function of nuclear…

contamination protein), where the amounts of exosome protein were still uncertain. To solve this issue, we tested 10% of each tag-labeled sample using LC-MS/MS before mixing, and obtained the amount of exosome protein by a label-free method. High-abundance contamination proteins including all forms of IgG and FN were deleted from the list of identified proteins. The remaining proteins were assumed to be derived from exosomes. Then, all peptide intensities of exosome proteins were log2…

How the human body works Cell membrane: A cell membrane is a thin layer that forms a semi- permeable barrier around the outer surface of the cytoplasm of the cell and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Nucleus: It contains DNA for making new cells and organisms and also controls the reaction in the cell. Chromosomes: Thread- like structures found in the nucleus of the cell which carry the genetic information Cytoplasm: The liquid gel which makes up a lot of the body of…

Transcytosis is mediated by the binding of a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of an endothelial cell, with its specific ligand on the apical side. Caveolin-I protein present on the apical surface of the plasma membrane then forms microdomains called ‘caveolae’, which mediate transport of the ligand-receptor complex into the cell. Thus, coupling the nanocarrier-drug conjugate to a ligand that…

Each Rab specifically targets to a membrane compartment and controls several factors, such as protein and lipid composition of the membrane, fusion between distinct compartments, vesicle motility along microtubules, and interaction with the cytoskeleton. The membrane targeting process, as well as specific binding to GDI, requires post-translational isoprenylation (geranylgeranyl moieties) of the two Cys residues at or near the C-terminus of Rab (Chavrier et al., 1991; Ullrich et al., 1993). √…

binding of a ligand to receptor. Cell-surface receptors are also known as trans-membrane receptors as they are located on outer surface of the plasma membrane to bind the ligand outside the cell. Cell surface receptors are membrane-anchored integral proteins that mediate the communication between the outside world and the…