Scottish Enlightenment

The French Revolution, which began in 1789 in Paris, overthrew in France the monarchy and established a republic. This revolution swept across Europe and had a considerable impact on the rest of it. It engenders in its conquest an exercise in state making and responses were in majority positive for Europe’s intellectuals and politicians. Although some saw the arrival of this revolution movement with relief and excitement others did not. But what were the really impacts of this Revolution on the…

The 18th Brumaire of Napoleon Bonaparte contained the timeline of the French revolution. The first revolution took place in 1789-1799 wherein the bourgeoisie overthrew the Bourbon dynasty. This is also the time when Napoleon Bonaparte ousted the constitutional government that was established by the bourgeoisie class. After Bonaparte overthrew the government, he held the power himself. Meanwhile, the second revolution occurred when the revolt against Louis Philippe took place. In the second…

Chapter 2 – The Arts and Crafts Movement The Arts and Crafts Movement of the second half of the 19th century was an English aesthetic movement that started an appreciation of decorative arts throughout Europe. It is difficult to say what exactly can be described as ‘Arts and Crafts’ as the craftsmen and women associated with the movement were working within a spectrum of crafts; as architects, printers, painters, sculptors and jewellers. The revival of Arts and Crafts in the second half of the…

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement. It took place in the 18th century, although its roots are in the time way before that, as early as in the mid-decades. The Enlightenment took place mostly in France and Britain. It affected European politics, science and philosophy and society. The Enlightenment thinkers believed in that humanity could be improved by human reason. Their main aims were individual liberty, the domination of society by hereditary aristocracy and ending the abuses of…

During the Enlightenment, philosophes argued that all men have the right to revolt. They also discussed natural law and how all men have inalienable rights. Following this, many nations revolted against their governments in order to create a new one that gave more rights to the people. These ideas from the Enlightenment became important to the citizens of every nation. Even though some revolutions were not entirely successful, they all were clearly motivated by similar issues. Although…

Thomas Hobbes is a well renowned philosopher, specifically in the world of political philosophy. His work the Leviathan opened up revolutionary ideas that were beyond his time. Hobbes wrote the “Leviathan” during the English Civil War, a war caused by religion and violently ending with the beheading of the king. Hobbes watched this madness unfold, leading him to extend a “helping hand” over to England authority, by publicizing a solution for all to read. His work introduced a radical topic by…

“Ignorance, forgetfulness, or contempt of the rights of man are the only causes of public misfortunes and of the corruption of governments.” (National Assembly) The Ancien Regime was corrupt and ignored the rights and equality of the third estate which resulted in failure and brought up the national assembly which were very decisive, and dynamic from the years1789 and 1791. The national assembly solved most of France’s inherent issues dealing with the ancien regime, and tried to solidify their…

Essay 1 Title: Why did Chartism fail? Word count: 1,412 Why did Chartism fail? Language of class At the time of the industrial revolution British society was completely restructured; economic, social and cultural changes leading to the chartist movement’s fight for political change. Historically, the term ‘Chartist’ has been used to refer to the political pressure group. To assess failure, we must first look at aims of the chartist movement. The Six Points of the People's Charter was the…

Context and Explanation For Political Cartoon The roots of the Haitian Revolution sprung from the Age Of Enlightenment. It was in this period that the wild notions of Liberté, égalité, and fraternité were loudly espoused to all who could hear. The Enlightenment was an overhaul of previous philosophy and science, favouring evidence over intuition, and logic over belief. According to Tom Standage, it was in this time that Halley discovered his comet, and Newton formulated the mathematics of…

The leaders of the French Revolution valued Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity above all else and held this to be true throughout the revolution. However, they would soon follow down the path of the Bourbon Monarchy, the oppressive monarchs of their country and their most hated enemy. From the Tennis Court Oath to the reign of Napoleon, the revolutionary peoples and their leaders demanded a more just and equal society. It was because this goal that the French people allowed their leaders to twist…