Scientific American

The American Enlightenment was a period of change involving the way of thinking in the thirteen colonies during the eighteenth century. The main reason for this change was to make individuals use reason and logic in order to make decisions, rather than rely on blind faith. The major values were liberty, democracy, republicanism, and religious tolerance. A major figure during the American Enlightenment was Benjamin Franklin. He believed in the movement and decided to help in any way he could. In…

passion. As a female physical chemist who pursues an academic research, I will strive to pass on intellectual inspiration to young students and contribute to making a more inclusive scientific community. Among the students who went to a public girl's high school in Korea, I was one of the few who pursued basic scientific research. The STEM field has been historically male-dominant, and social barriers against women still largely discourage female participation. I was among twenty percent of the…

began the American Phrenological Journal (Riegel, 1933). Their office moved to New York, and the brothers opened the Fowler and Wells publishing company (Van Wyhe, 1999). Thousands of phrenological texts, skull casts and charts were sold. The Fowlers continued to teach and practice phrenology as well. It was the Fowlers who greatly simplified Gall’s original anatomical findings, making it incredibly easy for the average American to comprehend phrenology (“The Fowler,” n.d.). Some Americans…

As we continue through life, we experience many forms of genres. A genre is a category or sort, but it can change according to the content of the genre as well as through the perception of the author and/or audience. Genres may be strict on their criteria, but many genres overlap. To explain, the informative genre relates to anything that is informative. A photo essay is an essay, which contains photos, and very little text. A news article can be seen as part of the informative genre, but if the…

The idea is to highlight the time when racial differences were generated among the species. Also the Adam and eve theory did not have the scientific basis of cells which Darwin added. The work of Desmond and Moore upholds Darwin’s “abhorrence of racial servitude and brutality, his hatred of the slavers... to make the black man another kind sub-human, a beast to be chained (Desmond and Moore…

and war medicine are incorporated in Dr. Potter’s Medicine Show, which allows Fischl to portray the shift in scientific thought and advances made during the 1800’s. At the time of the Civil War, military medicine was just beginning to improve. High mortality and infection rates made the advancement of military…

demarcation” criteria, which adapted the logical positivism view and its empirical methodology in recognizing the scientific knowledge. Then, he introduced the second concept, which is “ network demarcation” as the methodology to find the interconnections among the acceptable different field of sciences. If the theory lacks the evidential support or credibility, then it is not considered scientific at all according to the first principle of demarcation. However, adapting demarcation in nursing…

“The Double Helix” by James Watson of Watson-Crick fame is a scientific memoir with a difference. Watson describes the period before and after the famous Letter to Nature paper about a possible structure of DNA, not scrimping on the details and being quite frank. The picture that emerges from the book paints Watson as a generator of (mostly incorrect) ideas with an aversion to experimental science and an interest in au pair girls – not what I expected from one of the most famous biologists of…

on how we should interpret data, over which ideas are supported the best by the evidence that is available, and what ideas are worth further investigation. It compels scientists to carefully examine data and perform additional research to help scientific study progress. And as stated in the text, controversy “is an essential part of the process of science”. Controversy in our daily lives is something we don’t especially want or ask for, but it is always there in the important decisions we…

hens prior to oviposition [laying eggs] are restless, show stereotypic pacing and escape behavior, or perform ‘vacuum’ nesting activity, the expression of the motions of building a nest in the absence of appropriate nesting materials. Decades of scientific evidence suggest that hens are frustrated and distressed, and that they suffer in battery cages because there is no outlet for nesting behavior” (Baxter, 1994). Battery cages also limit the layer’s ability to perch, roost, scratch, forage,…