Scanning electron microscope

investigation about the Zeeman Effect in an atomic Cadmium lamp. The part of the spectrum observed will be the 645nm (red) emission line. Electrons occupy energy levels within an atom when a photon of energy hf is absorbed by an electron in the n=1 level and if the energy is such that the electron is excited and ascends to the n=2 level after some time the electron will then descend back to the n=1 level and a photon of hf will then be emitted again. Each atom has its own unique absorption and…

performed an experiment in which they fired electrons at a crystalline nickel target. The observed diffraction pattern matched the predictions of the de Broglie wavelength. De Broglie was awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize for the theory (this was the first time when he was awarded for a Ph.D. thesis) and Davisson/Germer together won it in 1937 for the experimental discovery of electron diffraction. All this proved the hypothesis to be…

For devices on Nano scale classical physics usually cannot explain transmission of electron through the insulating barrier with higher potential energy than kinetic energy of the tunnelling electrons and in this case the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle takes place. Barrier penetration can be explained from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle: If we were to say a particle cannot enter a barrier, we would actually say this particle is not there, i.e. its position uncertainty is Δx = 0 in the…

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The study of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) draws from two well known branches of physics, electrodynamics and hydrodynamics.The basic laws of electrodynamics described in the form of Maxwell’s Equations where The hydrodynamics of a fluid is expressed in the form of conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy.The magnetohydrodynamic phenomena are a consequence of the mutual interaction of the fluid flow and the magnetic field. As is well…

Paragraph 1 Sphalerite and wurtzite are the two polymorphs of Zinc Sulphide (ZnS). Sphalerite follows the space group F-43m, wurtzite is of the space group P63mc, and both polymorphs have the same formula of (Zn, Fe)S. The crystal chemical relationship between the two can be discussed by looking at the capability of transformation between the two polymorphs, known as polymorphism. This is due to the same SnS4 polyhedral found in both. Yet even though this is so, the two differ when we look at…

Fig: Schematic representation of LHC and it's detectors The primary objective of LHC is to answer the following questions: 1. Why some particles are heavier than others? If the Higgs mechanism is valid? 2. If the super-symmetry theory is valid? If yes then if super-symmetric particles exist? 3. If the concept of dark matter and dark energy correct? 4. Why our universe is made up of matter only? 5. What was the state of matter in the early universe? 6. What will be the properties…

3.3 Tribological properties of Cr-B-C-N coatings in artificial seawater Fig.10 shows the friction behaviors and the mean-steady friction coefficients of Cr-B-C-N coatings sliding against SiC balls in artificial seawater. As seen in Fig.10a, it is clear that the CrCN coatings showed higher friction coefficient than other coatings during the tribo-test in artificial seawater. The initial friction coefficient of CrCN coatings was 0.17, while that of CrBCN coatings ranged between 0.14 and 0.15. For…

PARAGRAPH 1 Comparing the crystal structure of α-FePO4 & β-FePO4 Firstly, the crystal structures of the alpha and beta Iron Phosphate can be identified from the paper. The lower temperature form, α-FePO4, has the space group P3121, while the higher temperature form β-FePO4, has the space group: P6422. These space groups translates to the lattice symmetry of trigonal and hexagonal respectively. The two space groups are chiral. α-FePO4 is the main form of Iron Phosphate in room temperature since…

In our previous report, 21 we investigated the influence of formulation variables of clotrimazole-loaded cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles. The composition of chitosan tailored cubic nanoparticles was optimized employing central composite design. The findings of Small angle X-ray scattering analysis confirmed the presence of D and P cubic phases in nanoparticles. Most importantly, considerable improvement in mucin binding was observed upon incorporation of chitosan owing to electrostatic…

In the paper, FePO4 was studied in through neutron powder diffraction across a wide range of temperatures, and was found to have 2 states in general, the α (alpha) phase and β ( beta ) phase. The alpha phase exhibits a tetrahedral structure, which is similar to alpha quartz, and this occurs during generally low temperatures. In the case of this paper, the temperatures experimented on were between 294K and 1073K. The beta phase, however, is denser and exhibits a octahedral structure. The…