Saccade

Neuroimaging has proven that day-old babies can differentiate between social actions from non-social interactions, for example, an arm throwing a ball. Such observations are linked to the motor cortex, which is also active in infants, just as in adults. The motor cortex plans and carries out movement and is activated when an individual looks at a person doing physical things. Therefore, based on adults’ perception on emotions in simulations, infants too can also see other people’s facial expressions at a distance of approximately 30 centimeters, which is exactly the same distance between a nursing baby and their mother. Unlike adults, infants imitate actions more than is necessary, even when it is not clear that the action is desirable. Basic Visual Function and Visual Attention Although infants may perceive the world like adults, their visual functions are not yet fully developed. The visual acuity for babies is approximately 20/400, which develops with growth. The contrast sensitivity is reduced in infants compared to adults but tends to develop upon gaining visual experience. Contrast sensitivity shows the ability to differentiate luminance in two adjacent areas, for instance, stripes on a grating. Color vision, on the other hand, develops to near adult perceptual ability after four months of birth. The ability of infants to react to motion velocities differs depending on the type of motion observed or the age of the baby. Depth perception in infants seems to develop…

The FEF works with the superior colliculus (SC), located on the roof of the midbrain, to generate rapid, saccadic eye movements or saccades. A saccade is a type of eye movement in which the eyes rapidly and simultaneously move to change the point of fixation. For instance, when one’s eyes are skimming left to right while reading or when one’s eyes shift their focus from one object to another. The FEF produces saccade movement through four major pathways, “(1) a projection to the ipsilateral…

The Quick Guide to VNG Interpretation was a concise summary of the VNG test battery in the context of anatomy and physiology of the balance system. The four anatomical sites that contribute to the human sense of balance include the visual system, balance system, proprioceptors, and the brain. The visual system contains oculomotor neurons and eye muscles while the balance system contains semicircular canals, otolith organs, vestibular nerves and nuclei. The proprioceptors include the spinal cord,…

One being by Holding (1970) * who believed visual averaging – in which an individual looks at the ends of an object and judges that, rather than the actual length of what should be judged (the shaft) therefore makes a visual error-, which was recognised by Pressey, Martin (1990). Holding’s proposal of visual averaging has become one that many researchers have looked into and have produced their own findings. For example, Matziridi, Brenner and Smeet (2013) found that even when the stimulus was…

parts of the early learning process. In handwriting you need it for the eyes need to be able to form the letters readable and in-between the lines. When you are guiding your hand to do the loops and curves onto the paper the brain has to track visibly rapid changes. To learn a not so easy skill has cursive your brain must have excellent coordination, because cursive is different than another writing or painting that you may perform throughout your life. It might not seem tough for you to learn…

projections in primate and non-primate animals but due to the heterogeneous nature of this nucleus, it’s difficult to trace these projections explicitly. The principal ascending connections are with Substantia Nigra, Basal ganglia, Subthalamic Nucleus, the ventral Thalamus, Lateral Hypothalamus, Globus pallidus, Entopedunculur Nucleus, Neostriatum, Zona Inserta, Nucleus Basalis and Amygdala[5-9]. The descending connections are with a variety of nuclei in the pons, medulla and spinal cord,…

milder neurological involvement compared to that seen in GD2, in addition to the visceral and bone marrow involvement as in GD1. The earliest CNS involvement can be picked up on a detailed ophthalmologic examination revealing defects manifesting as horizontal saccade (fast eye movement) initiation abnormalities, strabismus (Figure 4), and bulbar palsy or paresis. Children with saccadic initiation abnormalities tend to move their head to shift their gaze. Neurologic progression is marked by…

Cognitive Effects of Cerebellar Dysfunction The cerebellum is regarded as an essential neural structure for motor control. At a tenth of the brain’s volume, it contains the majority of neurons in the brain. Many cortical areas project into the primate cerebellum; these include the primary motor and prefrontal cortices. Damage to the cerebellum is known to result in impaired motor function. Patients with cerebellar lesions may exhibit ataxia, unbalanced gait; dysmetria, lack of coordination in…

Bellana Stanfield ENGL 101 Module Four Research Article Summaries DATE OF SUBMISSION Journal Article Summary #1: Nation, Paul. "Reading Faster", International Journal of English. 2009, Vol. 9, p. 131+. In Reading Faster, Nation describes an array of various processes non-native English speakers can practice to develop their reading fluency. He begins by introducing three common occurrences when reading: fixating on different words, eyes jumping to the next text to focus on or "saccades," and…

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, described as progressive cerebellar ataxia, a disorder that occurs when the cerebellum becomes inflamed or damaged, dysarthria (a disorder of articulation, such as stuttering or stammering), and eventual deterioration of bulbar functions (estimates of speech intelligibility and speaking rate). Ataxia, meaning in coordination. When the disease first starts showing up, individuals may experience: “slurred speech, difficulty with balance, and hypermetric saccades”…