RNA

Influenza, probably best known as "the flu”, is an infectious respiratory disease. Although the disease is often mild, it can also be life-threatening and causes serious infection and death each year, usually in the winter months. 250,000-500,000 deaths annually occur due to influenza viruses1–3. Particularly elderly people, people with a weakened immune system and people with pre-existing respiratory, cardiac and endocrine diseases are affected by complications3. Due to some pre-existing…

A light microscope works like a telescope using glass lenses to reflect light, which magnifies images which are naked to the human eye such as cells and dust. The lens closest to your eye is called the eyepiece lens. This usually has a magnification of x10. Objective lenses are lenses of several different strengths which magnify the image. The stage is the place where the microscopic slide sits. This is held in place by the clips. The light source (can be a mirror or a bulb) projects light onto…

pesticides. Liver cells are abundant with smooth ER. Body cells need smooth ER for breakdown of hormones or steriods - cells of the male testes with testosterone. Ribosomes: These are tiny dark bodies made of up proteins and only one variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are site of protein synthesis. Some float free in the cytoplasm where they make more proteins that function in the cytoplasm. Other attach to membrane which results in the name rough endoplasmic…

Prologue: The prologue chapter introduces biology and it’s meaning. It states the difference between pseudoscience and testable science. For example, evil forces do not kill the living contents in the biosphere nor do the gods help keep it alive. Instead, the biosphere is based on scientific explanations from observations, inferences, and experiments. In these experiments, there are testable hypotheses, such as whether your plant will die or why the plant grew to the top of the bottle.…

The main objective of this paper by Ando et al. was to explore the nature of association between the protein MEF/ELF4 and the nucleophosmin, NPM1, along with its implications with regards to leukemogenesis; the mutant version of the latter has been commonly associated with leukemia. MEF/ELF4 is part of a family of transcriptional factors (ETS) responsible for numerous cellular functions, such as genomic stability, DNA repair, and most importantly, the regulation of cell proliferation,…

antibiotic belong to a new category of antimicrobials called the oxazolidinones. Linezolid disrupts bacterial expansion by inhibiting the initiation process in protein synthesis. Distinctively, linezolid binds to a site on the bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit and prevents the bargain of a resourceful 70S initiation multifaceted, which is an essential section of the bacterial translation process. The results of time-kill studies have shown linezolid to be bacteriostatic against…

drugs work by damaging the RNA or DNA that basically tells the cell how to replicate or copy itself in cell division. If the cancer cells don’t divide on time, they die. The faster the cancer cells divide, the more likely it is that chemotherapy will kill the cells, causing the tumor to shrink. The cell can also commit a suicide(Self death). (1) Chemotherapy drugs try to kill all the cancer cells. It tries to protect you from the cancer cells that destroy your DNA or RNA. Only thing is if…

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Chemicals Zingerone was obtained from Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK. Cisplatin, Bradford reagent, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glacial metaphosphoric acid (Gmpa), 5,5ˊ-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), proteinase K and agarose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co, MO, USA. All other chemicals and solvents used were of the highest purity grade available. 2.2. Animals Sixty Adult male albino rats (180-200g) were…

Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) have replaced our diet with genetically altered foods, which have adversely affected human health as well as local communities. Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are a broad group of plants, animals, and bacteria that are engineered for a wide variety of applications ranging from agricultural production to scientific research. The types of potential hazards posed by GMO’s vary according to the type of organism being modified and its intended…

Cell Biology Beta cells in pancreatic tissues are described as eukaryotic cells and not prokaryotic, this is because the cell is larger in size and there is a true nucleus present which contains DNA. In prokaryotic cell there isn’t a nucleus and the DNA is free within the cytoplasm. Also Beta cells have many organelles and there is mitochondria present, which in a prokaryotic cell there are fewer organelles and there aren’t any mitochondria present. Beta cells in the pancreatic tissue release…