RNA

are essential for drug-resistance. Computationally inferred drug combinations will be validated for their effect on MRs’ activity and ability to govern drug resistance and tumorigenicity. Furthermore, inferred drug combinations will be analyzed using RNA sequencing of treated tumors for their synergistic action and potential benefits for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Approach…

Stem Cell Assignment 1. Summary of “Your Inner Healers” New scientific discoveries have shown that adult mouse cells can be “rewound” to once again be pluripotent like they were in their former embryonic state by adding a mixture of genes to the cells (called induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, or iPSCs). This contradicts the natural progression of cells’ potency as they age: in their early formation, embryonic cells have the ability to mature into any one of the 220 types of human cells, and soon…

In organic phosphate (Pi) is the mixture of HPO2-4 and H2PO4-1 ions. By the hydrolysis of pyrophosphates, inorganic phosphates can be created. P2O-47 + H2O 2 HPO-24 Phosphates are most commonly present in DNA, RNA and in adenosine phosphates (ATP,ADP and AMP) and released during hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. In living organisms, phosphoanhydride bond in ATP, ADP and other nucleotide triphosphates and diphosphates provides high energy to them . Phosphates are…

Viruses are miniscule organisms which are too small to be seen with a normal microscope. Invented in the 1940s, the electron microscope allowed scientists to see that a virus is nothing more than a core of genetic material (RNA or DNA), concealed in a protective protein coat. The tiny agents of disease are not referred to as living things, due to the fact that they cannot replicate on their own. They must attack the cells of another living organism and take over the cells' machinery to then make…

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease. It occurs due to the change of single nucleotide in the beta globin chain. In this disease, normal red blood cells get changed into to sickle shaped or disc shaped showing concave from the center. They may change their shape in the form of banana. Cause of disease: Sickle cell anemia is caused due to deficiency of iron in the body which results in change in the shape of red blood cells. How it occurs: Red blood cells are flexible due to which they…

Helen Blau, are using telomerase studies to find new approaches to prevent and treating disease like cancer and other disease that increase with aging. In 2015, she found a temporary but effective approach called the transient effect which modified RNA to reduce the cell’s immune…

INTRODUCTION The Ebola virus disease (EVD) was first identified in 1976 during two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Sudan and the other in Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then there have been 24 outbreaks involving 28,635 reported cases and 11,314 deaths according to the World Health Organization (REFERENCE). EVD is an example of an “emerging/ re-emerging” pathogen, due to its divergent genomes and sporadic outbreaks causing severe hemorrhaging fever in humans and non-human primates. The…

The genetic information in an organism’s DNA ultimately determines its traits; however, if this genetic information is somehow altered (the arrangement of nucleotides changed) new traits can appear or a deformity might occur. When a cell fails to replicate properly and DNA that is produced is not identical to that of the original (as a result of changes made for various reasons), a mutation has occurred. Failures in replication can be caused by a large number of reasons, but some of the more…

homozygosity or heterozygosity for the gene. D1S80 will have repeated sequences from 14 to 72 repeats. After examining the DNA ladder in figure one, the CDK3 gene had three bands from 100, 250, and 300 base pairs. CDK3 has an extra band that resulted from RNA contamination, because the purity of the DNA sample was 1.542 ug/mL, which is greater than one. Contamination…

It is uncertain if the CRISPR/Cas system exhibits the selectivity that is needed to make sure that single sites are being targeted in complex genomes. Unlike TALE proteins and the ZFN, the CRISPR/Cas9 system uses a guide RNA (gRNA) to target the desired gene with the matching RNA sequence. The CRISPR is the newest discovery of the gene editing technologies/systems and is, so far, the most reliable system and capable of multiplex genome engineering due to its ability to introduce multiple…