RNA splicing

Figure 2. The proteomic organization of three subfamilies of Smads (Co-Smad, R-Smad and I-Smad) and organization of a Smad MH1 domain with DNA. (A) All Smads information taken from PDB entry Smad>UniProt Gene list of Smads. The conserved N-terminal MH1 domain is in red, linker region in dark blue and the C-terminal MH2 domain in deep yellow. In the linker region the red PXS/TP (or S/TP) indicates the potential phosphorylation site for MAPKs ERK1/2, and the square indicates the PY…

Deoxyribonucleic acid is known as the molecule of inheritance where its structure dictates its function in storing the genetic information of the organism (Rafael, 2010). This molecule contains genes which encode proteins needed for the complex biochemical metabolic reactions which occur within the organism (Rafael, 2010). The DNA molecule consists of 2 complementary strands in a helical structure where each strand serves as an informational template for the offspring during duplication (Rafael,…

A. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Principle It includes the primer mediated enzymatic amplification of DNA. It uses the ability of DNA polymerase to manufacture new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. DNA polymerase can add a nucleotide only onto a preexisting 3′-OH group to add the first nucleotide that is way Primer is required. Then DNA polymerase elongates its three ends by adding more nucleotides to generate an extended region of double-stranded DNA.…

Recombination and mutation are the motivation of evolution. Recombination is critical for repairing DNA lesions and for chromosomal pairing, and exchange during meiosis (Krejci et al. 2012). Recombination does not occur uniformly on the chromosomes of eukaryotes. Meiotic recombination in well studied yeast revealed that non-uniformity of recombination was observed when the frame of reference is an entire chromosome, multigene region and a pair of genes or a small region upstream of a gene…

A DNA ladder is a solution of DNA molecules of different but known length. In Well 1, the DNA ladder was applied to the gel to set a standard for the rest of the samples. In LoggerPro, after setting an origin, the second step was to set a standard ladder. We standardized the ladder by going from 4 to 5 cm and determining that was 10 milliliters. The next step was to scale the ladder by selecting the 3 brightest points and labeling it 3000,1000,500 in descending order. The estimated size of my…

an open complex from there a lagging strand will develop along the 3’ template strand due to the polarity and orientation of the strands. A leading strand will emerge and DNA polymerase enlists nucleotides to pair with the exposed DNA template while RNA primer provides a 5’ end for nucleotides to pair with on the laggings strand. This continues until all the DNA is replicated, once the DNA is copied over what exists are tandem repeats called concatemers. To turn the lagging strand…

All cell organisms have this chain of nucleotides that give them a unique coding that helps everything differ from one another. Whether within plant or animal cells, these coding strands contain our genetic information. The creation of our genetic codes derives from a mixture of our parent genetic codes. These codes we contain are called DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. These DNA strands carry all our information. Skin color, eye color, body shape, hair type, etc. This creates us…

majority of enzymes are fibrous proteins. d. The majority of enzymes are globular proteins. ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: 23.1 - WHAT ARE ENZYMES? 2. In addition to proteins, which type of molecules sometimes function as enzymes? a. carbohydrates c. lipids b. DNA d. RNA ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: 23.1 - WHAT ARE ENZYMES? 3. Which of the following is true of enzymes? a. They shift the position of a chemical equilibrium. b. They speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b ANS: B PTS:…

WHO FIRST DISCOVERED MITOSIS? Mitosis was first discovered in the early 1880s by Walter Flemming. Walter Fleeming was a German biologist. He developed most of his study on cells and the chromosomes that are inside of cells. In 1878, the claimed that cell duplicate in the process called mitosis. Flemming died on August 4th, 1905. HOW DID MITOSIS GET IT NAME? "Mito-" which mean "thread" in Greek. The process of cell division are described as threads because during the process of…

DATABASES 1. Assembly Assembly database is needed to provide a systematic organization of genome. To accomplish that, the genome is fragmented into small pieces and is sequenced for many times to try to recreate the set of chromosome sequences. This database provides a unique tracker in form of accession so that users can identify changes to an assembly in precise locations whenever needed. There are two different types of assembly updates which are major release and minor release. 2.…