RNA polymerase

The book I read for my Biology book report was, The Double Helix, A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA an autobiography written by James D. Watson. It was released in 1968 and was published by Atheneum Press (US), Weidenfeld & Nicolson (UK) and is 226 pages. As the title suggests, the book is Dr. Watson’s personal account of the groundbreaking discovery of the structure of DNA. Biologists already knew that genes were the material responsible for traits getting passed from…

Introduction DNA makes up the genetic material for all organisms. However, not all organisms have distinct molecules working with DNA that come together to make up chromatin. Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells, the cellular makeup of multicellular organisms. The structure of chromatin is composed of DNA and histones, together making up nucleosomes, and other non-histone proteins that bind to the DNA. The backbone of DNA is negatively charged and histones have a positive charge…

Function of potyvirus proteins The Potyviruses genome contains one open reading frame (ORF) which is translated as a large polyprotein (between 340k and 368k), that is cleaved into 10 functional proteins (Riechmann et al., 1992) such as: Protein P1, HC-Pro, P3 protein, CI, NIa , NIb, 6K1, 6K2, VPg. The potyviral P1 protein is a serine protease that cleaves at its own C-terminus (Verchot et al., 1991). This is the most divergent potyviral protein in size (30-63 kDa) and sequence except protease…

A prion is a infectious protein agent and the specific name of prion in BSE is PrP scrapie(PrPSc). The normal protein that is being acted upon by the protein is called cellular prion protein(PrPc). Prions are a problem because they are an abnormal form of a normal protein that is misfolded without an immune response. The strings of amino acids are put together to make proteins inside cell. Then they are then pushed together and folded into a framework letting them function properly. These prion…

Rad8 is a conserved protein, it was previously reported to be sensitive towards both UV and gamma irradiation during G1/S period in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Doe et al., 1993). It consists of three conserved domains, including E3 ubiquitin ligase motif, SNF2 helicase domain, and a family specific HIRAN domain. Rad8 is required for error-free post-replication repair by contributing to polyubiquitylation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Up-regulation (12.52-fold) of Rad8 indicated…

After reading chapter three I had a better understanding of DNA replication, what genes do, and also how humans are connected to other species, a better understanding on how we are all part of a “biological continuum”. In 1962 three men named James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins won of the most distinguished award which was the Noble prize. Although one more person also help discover DNA which she was not credited was Rosalind Franklen. DNA replication is the process one strand of…

1. a) The three parts of a nucleotide are phosphate, nitrogen-containing base, and the deoxyribose sugar. b) Deoxyribose sugar is the sugar that is found in a nucleotide. c) The nitrogen-containing base is the nucleotide component that contains nitrogen. d) The four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1 are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. 2. a) I pointed at a single nucleotide on the ladder model of DNA, on the worksheet. The nucleotide included phosphate, nitrogen-containing base, and…

INTRODUCTION Biological ageing, or senescence, is a complex process characterised by progressive functional deterioration and cognitive decline (1). Accumulation of age related changes make individuals more prone to death and disease (2). Understanding these changes is important to understand the complexity of the human lifespan. The Hallmarks of Aging (3), is an article which describes nine factors that contribute to the ageing process. Aggravation or alleviation of these could contribute to…

Things All RNA Epigenetics can do: Variegated structural, catalytic, regulatory activities, translation of genes to proteins Variegated RNAs to interact with other cellular machinery (DNA, Proteins, etc.) in specific ways Alteration of RNA structure which in turn, leads to alteration of protein bindings and cellular effects Affect gene expression by activating or silencing it Controls transition from pluripotency state to differentiation, which allows different types of cells to be made and…

In sequence 1, the protein that the DNA sequence coded for was Presenilin 2, also known as PSEN2. These proteins are developed from directions from the Presenilin Gene. One of the jobs of PSEN2 Gene is to process proteins that transmit chemical proteins from the cell membrane into the nucleus. From there they can activate genes, critical to cell growth and maturation (What is the normal function of the PSEN2 gene ). Processing amyloid precursor protein is also one of the main functions of PSEN2.…