RNA polymerase

DNA sequencing (Sanger to NGS) Introduction: The DNA sequencing methods have quickly evaluated for the forty last years and their finding was joined by breakthroughs in the field of Molecular biology (1). The first efficient method to sequencing DNA was found by F.Sanger in 1977 (2). But the huge desire to sequencing genomes required faster methods and many improvements were made. Fluorescence, capillary electrophoresis and microarrays led to a new way for sequencing genes : the Next Generation…

Barcoding uses PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to amplify the COI (cytochrome Oxidase I) gene of a tissue. In PCR the DNA fragment is placed into a tube with DNA primers and Taq Polymerases. Taq polymerases are used because they are one of the few DNA enzymes capable of withstanding the high heat needed to separate the DNA fragment into two strands. After the strands have separated the temperature sis then called to allow the primers to anneal to the strands. The the the Taq polymerase extends…

This important because Migraines is a cognitive disorder affecting more than 28 million women in the US alone (Migraine Research Foundation, 2016). To find SNPs, the control and mitochondrial region of DNA was isolated, followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification and gel electrophoresis to see the isolated DNA. For the PCR segment, base pair (bp) approximations of 500 (Figure 1) and 1100 were found for PCR Products A and B respectively. RFLP did not result in significant…

Discussion Alu is a transposable element that can be inserted into the human genome, enabling its use as genetic marker for ancestry differentiation,and thus identification. Due to new insertions, some humans do not have an alu insertions, while others may have accumulated mutations causing three types of polymorphisms, S1, S2 and L, the reference alu insertion, YB8 was useful as a standard to the comparison of nucleotide sequences changes to uncover the difference in the presence and absence of…

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a lab technique that is used to separate and identify DNA and RNA according to the size of the individual molecule fragments. It has many common uses in modern molecular biology such as separation of restriction enzymes, analysis of PCR results, the number of DNA in a sample, DNA sequencing, DNA finger printing, and forensic science. The basis behind agarose gel electrophoresis is manipulating the highly negative charge held by DNA. When placed in an electric…

Population Equilibrium of the AUG Sequence in the PV92 Region. Abstract – Alu sequences are found throughout the karyotype of humans and new world primates. Newer sequences that are roughly around one million years old can used to analyze human history since they are not yet stable in the population. One of these sequences that are still evolving is the Alu sequence on the PV92 region of chromosome 16. In this experiment we analyzed 29 individuals at Cameron University to find out how frequent…

other gel to distinguish smaller segments than the thinner gel. By having a thicker gel, smaller segments can move better and not be cleared out by bigger segments. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to replicate DNA. In Lab 5, we created PCR amplicons by collecting our own DNA through our cheek cells, adding Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs, primer, and a proper buffer solution into a PCR tube.…

Quavian Belton Biochemistry I Dr.Nicholas Panasik October 6, 2015 PCR Optimization Abstract A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a reaction that is set to catalyze the amplification of a copy of a piece of DNA. The aim of this lab was to optimize a PCR reaction by finding out the optimum concentration of MgCl2 needed. Six reactions were set up four with varying concentration MgCl2 and two primer control groups. The volumes and concentrations of each component of the PCR…

Introduction: Bacteria are very diverse and are part of the prokaryotic domain. Some bacteria can be harmful, but others can also be beneficial in many ways. There are bacteria everywhere on Earth; places that you would think would have bacteria, like your gastrointestinal tract or our skin (Wenner, 2007). Although bacteria are small in size and are a simple cell organism, it is essential to life. There are different ways in how to distinguish and classify bacteria. One way is you can look…

RESULTS Transformation: the transformation of the ade2 gene to the kanamycin resistant gene (ade2::kan2R) cause the cell to become red and grow on mediums containing G418 or kanamycin resistant mediums was observed to have occurred. PCR and Gel Electrophoresis: Figure 1 is the product of gel electrophoresis containing the wild type and transformed PCR products, either being or not being cut by HindIII. From the left (reader’s left) of the gel to the right the lanes are; 1.Ladder, 2. transformed…