RNA polymerase

itself is called transcription. The copy of the DNA is called mRNA and that is the messenger type of RNA. The DNA makes a copy of itself called mRNA, then gets out of the nucleus and leaves to attach itself onto a ribosome. The process of the mRNA attaching itself to the ribosome is called translation. The ribosome acts as a "Zipper" to attach the mRNA and the tRNA together. The tRNA is a transfer RNA that attaches to the mRNA to place amino acids in a specific order. The…

central dogma, first devised by Francis Crick, is a classical backbone of living cells to essentially perform the processes from cell division to death through the DNA, RNA, and protein information ways. More specifically, the central dogma defines the transfer of sequence information during DNA replication, transcription into RNA, and translation into amino-acid chains forming proteins. It also states that information cannot flow from protein to protein or nucleic acid. In addition, Hirao &…

to work effectively, it requires the following: a DNA primer, a single –stranded DNA template, radioactively or fluorescently labelled nucleotides, a DNA polymerase, and modified nucleotides that play a role in terminating the DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the DNA polymerase and all four standard deoxynucleotides ( dGTP, dATP, dTTP,dCTP) Only one of the four dideoxynucleotide (ddGTP, ddATP, ddTTP, ddCTP) is added to each…

This is accomplished by adding salt and ethanol to a solution containing DNA or RNA. In the presence of salt (in particular, monovalent cations such as sodium ions (Na+)), ethanol efficiently precipitates nucleic acids. The purified precipitate can be collected by centrifugation, and then suspended in a volume of choice. PROTOCOL:…

Another drawback is that the primers used for PCR can strengthen non-specifically to sequences that are similar, but not entirely identical to the specific DNA. In addition, incorrect nucleotides can be combined into the PCR sequence by the DNA polymerase, but at a very low rate. • X-Ray The X-Ray is an extremely common procedure that allows visuals of the inside of the body without requiring any incisions. X-rays are done in a radiology department, a dentist’s office, or in certain clinics.…

Objective: We started by isolating a DNA plasmid from a bacterial culture for cloning. Then, we reverse transcribed mRNA to amplify it in a polymerase chain reaction. Finally, we amplified a specific gene (actin) through PCR. Protocol: A. Isolation of Plasmid DNA from a Bacterial Culture: We were provided with a tube containing 1 ml of bacterial culture. We centrifuged it for 5 minutes at 10000 g. Then, we removed the supernatant by pouring it off and we used a small chem wipe to remove any…

it is impossible to tell what her paternal haplogroup is without knowing what her father’s paternal haplogroups are, while men have a Y chromosome which makes it possible for their paternal haplogroup to be found. Everyone has Mitochondrial DNA so both men and women can find their maternal haplogroup, however, you will need to conduct a test to find out. To conduct a test, you may need a subscription to Ancestry.com, or pay for 23andMe. When you receive your DNA kit, you will have to provide a…

The Indian subcontinent has served as a major corridor for the genetic diversity of its inhabitants. Modern-day human population dispersal routes is punctuated with delineating migrations that eventually led anatomically modern humans (AMH) to spread over most parts of the world within the past 100,000 years (Cavalli- Sforza, Menozzi and Piazza 1994; Lahr and Foley 1994). Migration waves are influenced by landscape traversed and thus, natural inter continental passageways acting as corridors…

everything we need in order to generate a sequence all we need to do is add one primer and the DNA template. These reagents are suitable for performing fluorescence-based cycle sequencing reactions on single-stranded or double-stranded DNA templates, on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments, and on large templates. First, you must prepare your template by performing a DNA extraction and purifying your template. The purification will be done in a QIAquick column and it will remove dNTPs and…

A DNA ladder is a solution of DNA molecules of different but known length. In Well 1, the DNA ladder was applied to the gel to set a standard for the rest of the samples. In LoggerPro, after setting an origin, the second step was to set a standard ladder. We standardized the ladder by going from 4 to 5 cm and determining that was 10 milliliters. The next step was to scale the ladder by selecting the 3 brightest points and labeling it 3000,1000,500 in descending order. The estimated size of my…