RNA polymerase

WHO FIRST DISCOVERED MITOSIS? Mitosis was first discovered in the early 1880s by Walter Flemming. Walter Fleeming was a German biologist. He developed most of his study on cells and the chromosomes that are inside of cells. In 1878, the claimed that cell duplicate in the process called mitosis. Flemming died on August 4th, 1905. HOW DID MITOSIS GET IT NAME? "Mito-" which mean "thread" in Greek. The process of cell division are described as threads because during the process of…

DATABASES 1. Assembly Assembly database is needed to provide a systematic organization of genome. To accomplish that, the genome is fragmented into small pieces and is sequenced for many times to try to recreate the set of chromosome sequences. This database provides a unique tracker in form of accession so that users can identify changes to an assembly in precise locations whenever needed. There are two different types of assembly updates which are major release and minor release. 2.…

G-protein coupled receptors are found in eukaryotes, and are encoded by around 1-3% of the genes in the genome. In this essay I will discuss the general structure and model of activation of GPCRs, as well as how this model has been realised, through the study of bacteriorhodopsin, a homology model of GPCRs. There are many examples of GPCRs illustrating how GPCRs can have a wide range of cellular consequences and I will discuss how the activation of rhodopsin, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors,…

CRISPR is a technique that made genomic editing significantly easier. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated protein) is a RNA-guided nuclease for precise genome editing in diverse organisms. In 1987, when scientists were studying the bacteria's immune system, they discovered a pattern of short, repeating, palindromic DNA sequences separated by short, non-repeating, "spacer" DNA sequences (Figure 1). How CRISPR/Cas works in bacteria: As…

Replication Inhibitors Replication inhibitors interfere with DNA synthesis. There are many of these inhibitors, but they typically work via two main mechanisms. One of these mechanisms involves either disrupting molecules that are needed for DNA polymerization or those needed in order to initiate replication. The other mechanism is by interfering with replication checkpoints that are involved in regulating the replication process. These checkpoints sometimes do this by triggering certain…

Rhiju Das came to Butler on March 21st to give a lecture on how a videogame has helped code for RNA. Diseases can be traced back to RNA molecule folds. RNA vaccines have a design problem because it is hard to tell what sequence is correct. NUPACK 08 was the most sophisticated computer system and it got the sequence wrong. However, Taipan was designed by a videogamer and it had the correct sequence. Therefore, Das designed a game called Foldit in which players solved puzzles of computers. A…

Discussion Overall, the method created for the determination of riboflavin via fluorescence has potential to provide useful information regarding the starting concentration of riboflavin as well as the consumption rate of the vitamin in media, when analyzed at different activation times. The decrease in riboflavin over time makes sense as the bacteria and archaea in the media use the vitamin as a cofactor in the digestion of cellulose as well as with other sugars and fats. (2) The The LOD and…

pancreatic ASC, I will isolate total RNA from UPF1 mutant cell lines and perform RNA sequencing. To establish whether the upregulated genes are direct targets of NMD, I will compare this data with RNA isolated from cells where UPF1 is downregulated using short hairpin RNAs. To validate the top targets from RNA sequencing experiments, I will perform qPCR and northern blotting. To examine whether these candidates are also altered in pancreatic ASC, I will analyze the RNA levels of top targets in…

Recently, scientists in the UK have been given the green light to start research on editing the DNA of a human embryo. The ability to unzip defective genes and replace them with nondefective copies of genes has sparked a huge debate on the ethics of human gene editing. In this paper, I will briefly explore the procedure of gene modification using the editing tool CRISPIR/Cas 9, the exciting possibilities of successfully using this method, and debate several ethical concerns that have arisen due…

Alongside CRISPR-Cas9 in site specific genome editing are ZFNs and TALENs. ZFNs are a DNA-binding motif assembled as ββα that utilizes a roughly thirty amino acid protein with DNA recognizing amino acids at the alpha helix (Gaj, Gersbach, & Barbas, 2013). These groups of amino acids usually recognize DNA in segments of three. This does not present much specificity in a genome. Therefore multiple DNA-binding motifs need to be combined to create specificity and result in highly specific…