RNA polymerase

A Comparison of Protein Synthesis between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes The different fundamental organisation of genetic material and organelles between eukaryotes and prokaryotes leads to dissimilar processes of protein synthesis. The larger eukaryotes have a more intricate pathway associated with protein synthesis, due to both the biochemical structure of organelles and enzymes, and also the transport of genetic material within cell. In this essay I hope to explore the differences of gene…

Figure 22. Relative mRNA expression in INS-1E cells after different chemicals treatment. Cells were treated with DHT, TCS and TCC for 48 h before RNA extraction for activity determination. Expression levels of the AR, pdx1, GK and Ins2 were determined by RT-QPCR and mRNA expression levels were normalized with TFIIB (A-D). DMSO treated samples were considered as control. Control samples were set as one and results are shown as mean ± S.E.M of duplicate samples from three independent experiments.…

diversity among transposition elements and mainly classified into two groups according to their movement mechanisms. Class I is retro-transposons which use a RNA intermediate in transposition mechanism and Class II is DNA transposons remaining as DNA throughout transposition [4]. Retro transposons first transcribe themselves in RNA and then RNA is copied to DNA again by reverse transcriptase which is generally encoded by mobile elements. Copied DNA is inserted into target site. The main class of…

DNA gives cells the potential for specific behavior, but this potential will only be realized if the gene is expressed. A gene is expressed if the DNA is transcribed into RNA and then converted into a protein. These proteins can have many different effects on the cell, such as metabolism or neurotransmission. We are now able to tell which specific genes are expressed at a particular time. Gene expression is uncommon, however, with no transcription and only the potential for a behavior as a…

The role of polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Gene therapy in medicine. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s. It is a method in which a single copy of DNA is amplified. Using this technique which has a specific sequences ,millions of copies of DNA can be produced. In this process, many other conditions including several enzymes and primers are involved. This application of PCR extent from research to the commercial sector. Denaturation:- The reaction mixture is heated up to…

3. Results 3.1 Cloning and phylogenetic analysis B. bigemina Argentina strain was used to obtain genomic and cDNA for PCR with primers BbigAMA-1 F and R to amplify the AMA-1 gene. The sequences had an identical length from both templates and of the estimated size according to primers' design (not shown). The nucleotide sequencing analysis presented a 1988-bp long gene (gene bank accession number: AB481200) and encoded a 595-amino acid peptide (gene bank accession number: BAH22706) (Fig. 1)…

In order to prevent a virus we must first learn its history; how it came about and where, we must then take into perspective how it is spread and then take preventative measures to ensure that the minimal amount of people are infected. A virus is simply defined as a non-living, infectious agent that must use a host cell in order to replicate. What makes these viruses so dangerous is that they’re numerous, and thus easy to spread and catch. This is not to say that every virus affects us, some…

components of coenzymes and proteins (Axtell). Controlling gene expression via miRNA is the plant’s way of responding to limiting levels of these essential macronutrients. miRNA works by binding to single stranded mRNA which creates double stranded RNA. Thus the plant identifies the new double stranded mRNA as inferior and attacks it. For the experiment, there were four microRNAs used including miR156, miR395, miR398, and miR399. miR156 was the control and has no nutrient requirement so it…

synchrotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Her initial work to solve large RNA structures led to other studies of structure on HDV ribozymes, and the IRES, and protein-RNA complexes like the Signal recognition particle. Now her labs focus on collecting a mechanistic understanding of biological processes involving RNA. these studies are broken up into three different sections. The CRISPR system, RNA interference, and translational control by MicroRNAs.She has collected the scientific…

Neuroblastoma and microRNA- 34a is commonly mentioned together in many articles and studies around the world. With the advance in medicine and new discoveries, there has been found a dependence relation of neuroblastoma with these specific type of microRNA since it has been discovered how it could eliminate cancer eternally. MicroRNA-34a has not only revolutionized scientists but the world in general because of its ability to destroy neuroblastoma but also because is a new natural genetic…