RNA interference

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    a template for RNAs capable of recognizing viral DNA within a cell and as a means to bind the endonuclease CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9). These complexes allow the enzyme to be shuttled to the target DNA to perform a cut on one or both strands of the foreign DNA in either of the enzyme’s two active sites. Recently, scientists have repurposed this bacterial defense mechanism as a genome editing utility to cut, shuttle, or bind desired molecules anywhere within DNA as custom RNA harnesses the…

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    As stated previously, all that needs to be done is the guide RNA needs to lead the Cas9 enzyme to a particular location on a gene. An article in the New York Times stated that the system was so easy, that it could be mastered by a graduate student within an hour. This is a huge breakthrough when one takes into consideration…

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    Under oxidative conditions, certain nucleobases (for example, adenine and cytosine) can form N-oxides. Also, the C8 position of guanosine is vulnerable to hydrolytic attack under either strongly acidic or strongly alkaline conditions. The 5,6 double bond of pyrimidine nucleosides also reacts with halogens and halohydrins to give the corresponding addition products (Shabarova and Bogdanov, 1994). Selected examples of the side reactions that occur during oligonucleotide synthesis are given below.…

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    Leroy et al. (2000) used 4 microsatellite primers to characterise Brassica oleracea accessions. Among the 136 reproducible fragments generated, 25 (18.4%) fragments were common for all Brassica, 27 (19.9%) were unique and 84 (61.7%) were phylogenetically informative. Flannery et al. (2006) assessed polymorphisms in Brassica, Arabidopsis, Camelina, Raphanus and Sinapis using 10 plastid SSR primer sets. Eight loci were polymorphic, and separated the individuals of Brassicaceae into taxon-specific…

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    Cyanoethoxy Research Paper

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    The cyano-ethoxy carbonyl protection Manoharan et al. (1999) developed 2(cyanoethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide S.27a a stable, crystalline, and convenient reagent for the protection of pendant akylamines in oligonucleotides (Figure X.X.X). The 2-cyanoethyl (ce) group is the most common phosphate protecting group in oligonucleotides; however, ce and corresponding 2-(cyanoethoxycarbonyl) group were not utilized for the nucleobase protection until 2000. Merk et al. (2000) developed…

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    Protein structure prediction is that the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its organic compound sequence — that's, the prediction of its folding and its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure from its primary structure. Structure prediction is essentially totally different from the inverse downside of protein style. protein structure prediction is one among the foremost necessary goals pursued by bioinformatics and theoretical chemistry; it's extremely…

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    6F4Z1003- Genetics, Adaptation and Diversity Practical Report Section 1- Calculations and Pedigrees 1. In DNA extraction the proteins absorb light at 260nm and 280nm, especially the aromatic acids. 2. 250µg to nm, 250 x 1000 = 250,000ng. 3. 200ng/ml = 0.2µg/ml. 150µg/ml = 150,000µg/ml 250,000pg/µl = 250µg/ml 1mg/ml = 1000µg/ml ● 150,00µg/ml - HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF DNA ● 1000µg/ml ● 250µg/ml ● 0.2µg/ml - LOWEST CONCENTRATION OF DNA 4. Sodium dodecyl sulphate is used as a…

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    adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. The backbone of DNA consists of a phosphate bonded to a deoxyribose molecule. Deoxyribose is a sugar containing five carbons, and it is called deoxyribose as it is missing an oxygen atom on C2. The sugar found in RNA is oxygenated at this carbon, and is called ribose. The nucleotides of DNA are linked with phosphates at the 3' and 5' ends of the deoxyribose sugar. The 3' and 5' carbons of the deoxyribose molecule form single bonds with separate phosphate…

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    Icosahedral Structures

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    around the surface of a sphere. The corners of the structure are what we refer to as vertices, and each icosahedron comprises 12. These structures display a 2-3-5 symmetry, where there is 2-fold symmetry that rotates through the middle of the edges, 3-fold symmetry that rotates through the middle of each face, and 5-fold symmetry that rotates through the middle of the corners. These triangles are built from identical subunits, which in this cause prevent gaps from occurring between subunits,…

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    Endosymbiotic Theory

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    Many endosymbiotic theories have figured in opinion about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. More than 20 different versions of Endosymbiotic theories have been presented in literature to explain the origin of eukaryotes and their mitochondria (Martin, Garg and Zimorski, 2015, p.1678). A Prokaryotic cell contains structural components such as: Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria contain a thick cell wall with many layers of peptidoglycan…

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