RNA interference

foreign material. When a never-before-seen virus attacks the cell, a spacer is created within the CRISPR system that stores the genetic material of said virus. If that virus or a similar one attacks again, the CRISPR DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA, where proteins are used to target sequences containing the offending material in order to destroy each genome affected by the virus and…

Sequence 2 had the protein, presenilin-2-like, Equus przewalskii . The protein is also known as PSEN2 gene. This gene helps process proteins that transmit chemical signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. When the chemical signals fire to the nucleus, they turn on genes that make for the cell to grow and mature. The specific role, presenilin is known for, is processing the amyloid precursor protein. The amyloid precursor protein is found in the brain and some tissues. Presenilin gets…

each of the following terms means: (a) Consistency bias, (b) retroactive interference, (c) proactive interference. 1a: Consistency bias means that people tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings or beliefs with our current viewpoint. 1b: Retroactive interference means that people have trouble recalling old material because of recently learned material interfering with old memories. 1c: Proactive interference means that people have trouble recalling new material because of…

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. Understanding Human Genetic Variation Genetics is the scientific study of inherited variation. Human genetics, then, is the scientific study of inherited human variation. We study genetic material due to following reasons; 1. One reason is simply an interest in better understanding…

Prokaryote DNA replication is a semi conservative, bidirectional, template driven process. The phrase ‘semi-conservative’ refers to the fact that the newly synthesised double stranded DNA is made up of one parental (existing) strand, and one newly synthesised strand. The parental duplex is not ‘conserved’ as an entity. This was proved by the Meselson-Stahl experiment by replicating E.Coli in different mediums of of different Nitrogen isotopes. The results consisted of half of normal weight and…

with the ATG codon. Most biological activities are carried out by proteins. In order to have the DNA sequence that reads ATG-ACT-CAT-GAG-TGA to be translated into the RNA to build a protein there has to be proteins that are not the same to be able to perform this function. The DNA also needs to be changed into the RNA and the RNA has to be changed into a protein. In order for the cell to have a proper function the proteins that are necessary need to at the time that is proper be synthesized.…

in bacteria, transcription officially begins when an RNA polymerase and a sigma subunit bind at two different sites at a promoter. An open promoter complex is formed when DNA unwinds in this area and RNA synthesis starts because of a holenzyme. This is where regulation really comes into play, because transcription will continue as long as it has enough of what it needs until it hits a termination sequence. After which, the brand new produced RNA and enzyme are let go from the template. Until…

4+11+3.1) = 51.4 kb. c) The sum of the exons (all in kilobases) (1.2+0.7+0.4+3.1) = 5.4 kb. d) RNA Protein Truncation mutation in exon 2 Same length, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length (due to earlier stop codon), same amount of protein produced, usually changes the protein to non-functional, though not always. 3bp in frame deletion in exon 1 Shorter in length by 3pb, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length, same amount of protein produced, usually causes the protein to…

DNA makes proteins. DNA is stored in the nucleus and contains phosphates (a phosphate includes nitrogen bases). DNA is made up of these phosphates, but, in making polypeptides, or a protein, the nitrogen bases are the most important in his process. To make a polypeptide, the helicase unzips the double helix figure, making two rows, or strands, which are one side of all of the nitrogen bases. Floating nitrogen bases string the opposite of these sides, to make an original copy, but leave, ending…

Transfer RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a crucial component in Protein Synthesis. It serves as an adaptor molecule between the codon, the three nucleic acids and the amino acid after which a specific protein will be synthesized. It is the intermediate in Protein Synthesis which interprets the genetic code. Without tRNA, translation in prokaryotes or eukaryotes could not take place. Common Features of tRNA Molecule Each amino acid has at least one tRNA molecule. Therefore, these tRNA molecules have…