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Before talking about affirmative action, What is affirmative action? Affirmative action is a term referring to various governments to increase the education with different races; which is saying it is trying to have other races to get into universities. Affirmative action began because of John F. Kennedy, he started affirmative action to make sure that “applicants are employed” and so the employees at the time aren't treated differently because of color or race. Which is called “Executive Order…

To fully understand the problems revolving around race-based admission programs in various universities, one must first understand how this issue first developed, as well as what affirmative action is. Affirmative action is a policy also known as positive discrimination, in other words, it strives to favor people who are a minority, such as, people of color. This is an important issue as it affects legislators, colleges, but most importantly future college students. For this issue, there are…

On October 12, 1977, a thirty-five-year-old white male by the name of Allan Bakke took the University of California Davis Medical School to the California Supreme Court for rejecting his admission into the school “because of his race”; he believed his rights had been violated under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The University of California Davis Medical School reserved sixteen spots for minorities…

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Affirmative action policies have been the topic of debate amongst universities for quite some time now. Many question whether or not using race as a factor in the admissions process is legitimate, and some people like Ronald Dworkin attempt to back up the claim that it is. Throughout this paper, I will analyze Dworkin’s argument by first stating it, then evaluating it, and finally responding to it. Ultimately, I will show that Dworkin may be right, but I still believe using race as a factor does…

A majority of the discussion surrounding the Fisher III decision is focused upon what implications it has on affirmative action jurisprudence. Opponents of race-conscious admissions programs argue that Fisher III effectively raises the standard and makes strict scrutiny truly strict. Proponents, on the other hand, argue that the Court’s decision in Fisher III did not have a tangible effect on the court’s analysis of racial considerations by University admission officers. Derek W. Black, in his…

In the article “Does Affirmative Action Do What It Should?” an interesting alternate perspective concerning affirmative action is presented. In the article, Dan Slater starts off by describing affirmative action. They are a set of policies used by universities across the nation as a means to recruit minority students whose predecessors have been subject to racial discrimination within the United States. These practices have been put into place to “even-out” the overwhelmingly off-balance number…

Another pillar of support for affirmative action is the fact that it is still upheld and supported by the courts. Out of the fifty states in the nation, eight states currently ban race-based affirmative action at all public universities. These states are California, Washington, Michigan, Nebraska, Arizona, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Oklahoma. The 2016 court case Fisher v. UT Austin upheld affirmative action within universities. In the supreme court opinion, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy said…

affirmative action policies in their hiring to increase the number of minority employees. Affirmative Action was not strictly used for employment, but also used in higher education opportunities. Today, many argue that affirmative action is simply reverse discrimination because minority groups are favored in institution acceptances, when in fact, affirmative…

Inequality and reverse discrimination are key factors in the examination of affirmative action. The debate on affirmative action demonstrates it necessity as the discussion in itself points toward not supporting minorities even though inequality exists. However, in order to demonstrate this theme one must contemplate the reason for affirmative action, the Utilitarian and Kantian position, and prove that inequality still occurs. Following this further, what then is the purpose behind…