Retina

Many people do not know that some 2,000 to 3,000 Americans suffer from a very rare inherited genetic blindness. This blindness is caused from a mutation in the RPE65 gene, which is located in the retina and makes a protein that is critical for normal vision. You inherit two of these genes from your parents. One from your mother and one from your father. This genetic blindness occurs when both the genes that are inherited contain mutations. This is why it is so rare. The patients first see signs…

is expressed by the prechordal plate and ventral midline of the diencephalon, it causes Pax-6 expression in the midline to become repressed causing the single eye field to split into two separate eye fields on either side of the diencephalon. Rax a retina and anterior neural fold homeobox and Six-3, another important transcription factor, protect the ability of the forebrain to express shh by suppressing Wnt signaling. When Wnt is active and not suppressed, it enabled the anterior region of the…

The O’Donnell family is concerned that if they start a family, they may have a child with albinism. Albinism is a hereditary disorder, usually transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, in which there is partial or total absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes (oculocutaneous albinism) or in the eyes alone (ocular albinism), caused by defective or absent function of the enzyme tyrosinase. The most common form of albinism is known as oculocutaneous albinism. In more severe cases, the…

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is very a important part of the eye; It is responsible for absorption of scattered light, the visual cycle and phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment membranes. The protein RPE65 is normally abundantly made in the RPE, unless there is a mutation in the RPE65 gene, caused by a deletion of 4 base pairs. This deletion causes a frame shift and also an early stop on the protein, so the protein is shorter and does not function properly. The mutated gene is…

Researchers have shown that people who exercise would have a less chance of damaging their vision. One example of eye damage is called glaucoma. Glaucoma is a disease which blinds people and usually starts occurring at the age of 40. So far there aren’t any cures for this, but there is treatment that can slow down the process of one becoming blind. Certain types of lifestyles that can affect eye pressure, which is a factor towards the disease. The connection between exercise and glaucoma…

Blurred Vision Having blurred vision means you cannot see things clearly. Your vision may seem fuzzy or out of focus. Blurred vision is a very common symptom of an eye or vision problem. Blurred vision is often a gradual blur that occurs in one or both eyes. There are many causes of blurred vision, including cataracts, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Blurred vision can be diagnosed based on your symptoms and a physical exam. Make sure to tell your health care provider about any…

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma with less common types including closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly over time and there is no pain. Side vision may begin to decrease followed by central vision resulting in blindness if not treated. Closed-angle glaucoma can present gradually or suddenly. The sudden presentation may involve severe eye pain,…

A camera is an optical device that records images that can be stored instantly or transmitted to another location. These images can be still photographs or moving images like videos. The functioning of the camera is very similar to the functioning of the human eye. It is an image forming device. A camera works with the light of the visible spectrum. It creates an image of the object and records the image on a photographic film. Every camera uses a very basic design: light enters a close d box…

A systemic neurologic assessment approach is the first step to identify the early signs of neurologic changes. The cranial nerve assessment includes assessing cranial nerve from 1 through X11, which have sensory, motor either somatic or parasympathetic, or have a mixed function. Olfactory Nerve (CN I)- the olfactory nerve serves the sense of olfaction or smell, Test is done with the use of non-noxious aromatic substances and check if able to smell and identify and mark if any abnormality noted.…

An Ames room is a distorted room that gives an optical illusion. The room was first constructed in 1946 by an American ophthalmologist named Adelbert Ames Jr. and it was invented in 1934. The room is based on a concept invented by Hermann Helmholtz in the late 19th century according to my research. The room has two illusions, one is that the room appears to look squared when you look at it through a small hole in the front of the room but it is not it is actually like a trapezoid. The second…