Renin inhibitor

Name: Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease AKA: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) – Common Organ: Cysts form in the proximal convoluted tubules, Bowman’s capsule and collecting ducts of the kidneys. With time, the cysts enlarge. Patients can also present with cysts in the liver, pancreas, lungs, spleen, ovaries, seminal vesicles, testes, epididymis, thyroid, uterus, and bladder. Labs: Proteinuria (50% of patients), azotemia, hematuria, anemia Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal and lumbar pain, HTN Sonographically: Bilateral, enlarged kidneys. Renal capsule is poorly outlined and distorted central echogenic renal sinus due to numerous variable sized cysts throughout cortex. Complications: Infection, renal calculi, cyst rupture, hemorrhage, ureteric obstruction, and tends to cause kidney failure. Patients can remain asymptomatic until their 40s. Death usually occurs about 10 years after onset of symptoms. The most common causes of death are uremia (59%), cerebral hemorrhage (13%) and cardiac disease associated with HTN. Page Numbers: 289 and 291 Name: Medullary Sponge Kidney AKA: Tubular Ectasia – Autosomal recessive - common Organ: Bilateral kidneys – multiple cystic dilatation of the collecting ducts in the medulla. Labs: Usually normal Signs and Symptoms: Usually asymptomatic, however pain, hydronephrosis, infection and urinary calculi may develop. Sonographically: Bilateral hyperechoic medullary pyramids without acoustic shadowing with possible calculi.…

There are multiple kidney diseases that are known to the Medical world, but there will be a discussion about Henoch Shönlein Purpura today. Many young kids have had this Kidney disease and it is not to be taken lightly. At first it comes off as something simple, and it looks like the victim has probably just pulled a muscle, has a fever or has a stomach ache because they are vomiting but no, that is just the beginning of this horrid kidney disease. There are probably many questions going around…

According to the American Pharmacists Association, as of late July, Alirocumab, a PCSK9 inhibitor, obtained FDA approval. In addition to diet and aggressive statin therapy, Alirocumab acts as an aid for patients that have clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. These patients are required to lower their cholesterol further. Alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody which is self-administered through subcutaneious injection every two weeks, lowers…

505). Sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle regardless of sodium load. Aldosterone is the main factor when kidneys determine the rate of sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone causes an increase in sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone is usually secreted by the adrenal cortex when plasma volume is low. It is controlled by angiotensin II, a component of the renin-angiotensin system. Renin, an enzyme that is secreted by the granular cells in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA),…

One of the causes on systematic level is renal artery stenosis. This is the narrowing of the arteries that transport blood to the kidney. Since the arteries are narrowed they bring in less blood to the kidney. This causes the kidney to sense a lower blood volume. When this happens the kidney will release the enzyme, Renin. This enzyme will convert angiotensinogen, which is secreted by the liver, to angiotensin I. When the lungs sense angiotensin I in the circulation they will release…

its inactive state. It binds to Rab escort protein (REP), which directs it to the RGGT, where the Rab protein is isoprenylated by addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) group or farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) onto the cysteine. The REP then transports the prenylated Rab protein to its target membrane where guanine exchange factor (GEF) exchanges the GDP to GTP to activate it. The Rab protein can then associate with its effector protein, specific to the Rab type, to carry out functions such…

Some BB help improves survival rates in patients because they improve the beta receptor pathway function. According to Boyle (2014), "A beta blocker should be initiated before hospital discharge or on an outpatient basis at a low dose and titrated slowly to target levels or maximally tolerated doses". Most beta blockers are usually given to patients that are on ACE inhibitors. Drugs taken in combination with ACE inhibitors and beta blockers are Diuretics. diuretics are good for patients with…

insufficient communication is a barrier that inhibits collaboration in online courses. This aligns with research that suggest that the asynchronous nature of many online courses creates an environment that includes a waiting period that, in some cases, allows time for the student(s) to go ahead and find the answer or solution before the instructor or peers have an adequate time to respond (Monahan, McArdle, & Bertolotto, 2008). However, 41.1% of participants disagreed or strongly disagreed that…

Renin secretion is stimulated by decreased blood volume, decreased renal perfusion, sodium and water depletion. Subsequently, renin promotes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II through the angiotensin converting enzyme. Due to angiotensin II being a potent vasoconstrictor, it also stimulates aldosterone secretion leading to sodium and water retention. The subsequent renal retention of sodium and water, coupled with an increase in…

My journey began when I was fourteen years old and my friend introduced me to the online game World of Warcraft. At first I was skeptical that I would enjoy it, but my buddy insisted I give it a try. I chose to become a shaman, master of the elements, specializing in their restorative powers to aid my teammates in battle. I also began to study herbalism and alchemy, allowing me to search for and collect various herbs to convert them into potions. These potions could provide players with extra…