Renal cell carcinoma

In our world we are constanting fighting to find cures to different diseases and disorders. The human race throughout the years has consistently advanced in ways previously believed to be impossible. Although we have accomplished many triumphs in the world of science, we have to be forever willing to take the next leap. Genetic modification and human cloning is the next big medical breakthrough and technological advancement. Genetic modification and human cloning offers the world an infinite…

thus peptide bonds get exposed and vulnerable to pepsin. Proteins are cut up into smaller polypeptides by pepsin. The gastric juice does not destroy the stomach cells because they are activated only when they reach the lumen. HCL composes of hydrogen and chloride ions that are secreted by parietal cells. Pepsin is released by chief cells in the inactive form, pepsinogen. It is the HCL that catalyzes the chain of events of making pepsin…

Both navigational and migratory behaviors are seen in a large variety of vertebrates across all spheres of life. The ability to navigate and knowing when to migrate is, at least in part, genetic (Lee et al. 2013 and Smith 1985). This means that some organisms can have birth defects that will hinder their navigational and/or migratory behaviors (Lee et al. 2013). Migration is defined as a mass leaving of one place for another, pre-determined one, on a repeating basis (Merriam-Webster 2018). In…

This summer I had an internship working in Paul Garrity’s behavioral biology lab at Brandeis University and conducted experiments on genetically modified common fruit fly, Drosophilia. There I learned about the important research that is being done on these fruit flies throughout the country and the burgeoning science of genetic modification that has begun dominating laboratories across the country. This research focused in on the sensory receptors that the flies use to detect changes in…

of the experiment is to understand the cell. The students will understand the characteristics of the Cell. 2. Describe background information from your lab manual or other references? Amylopast: An organelle in some plant cells that stores the waste of the cell. Cell membrane: thin layer of protein outside of cell that protects the whole structure. Cell Wall: can be found only in plant cells, provides more protection to the cell. Centrosome: helps the cell divide. Cytoplasm: organelles are…

Scientists are often called upon to answer fundamental questions about human variation and its ramifications. While it is easy to get caught up in the idea of being so vastly genetically similar to our ape-like relatives, the assumptions underlying genetic data have more significance than the data itself. This can be seen when studying genetic and behavioral parallels of apes and humans, and how each affects the other with regards to phenotypic similarity. For all of its grandeur, a DNA sequence…

The human body contains a bunch of different systems, and it has many divisions within the systems. Organs, tissues, bones, joints, and cartilage are just a few things that are the genetic makeup of the actually human skeletal system. The human skeletal system is very diverse but unique at the same time. Bones are responsible for playing a major role in how our body is made up and functions. A bone is a rigid organ in which it contains living and evolving tissue that has various particular…

mature somatic cell is removed from an organism, and the DNA is transferred to an egg cell whose DNA has been removed. This is commonly referred to as somatic cell nuclear transfer or SCNT. Finally, the egg starts the reproductive process and attaches to the uterus of a female in the same species. This results in a whole organism with the same genetic makeup of the donator of the somatic cell (See Appendix B for a diagram of the process). The last type, therapeutic cloning, occurs when a cell is…

pressure than the solution to which it is compared. Water is then forced into the protein lined channels; this increased mass of the solution creates a blockade which decreases the ration that the solution leaves the cell and increases the rate of solutions that enter the cell expanding the cell. (Sciencing, 2018) This was observed in the distilled water test-tube. A hypertonic solution is the opposite where it requires a higher osmotic pressure than the solution to which it is compared. This…

The most common effect of polyploidy in plants is the gigas effect. Gigas effect was explained by Stebbins (1950) as increase in cell size causing larger organs such as roots, leaves, tubercles, fruits, flowers and seeds. However, this is not always exhibited by polyploid plants as the number of cell divisions in polyploidy is often reduced (Stebbins, 1971). Polyploid plants tend to have lower growth rates and flower later or in longer period than their diploid…