Renal artery stenosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries thicken as cholesterol builds-up on their walls. A chronic inflammatory response in the arterial wall by the macrophage accumulation, promoted by low-density lipids.5 It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries that can lead to stroke and myocardial infarction. Macrophages tend to rupture plaques by releasing lytic???? enzymes that break plaques in the arteries. Biomarkers such as plasma lipid estimation and myeloperoxidase,…

There are many risks that arise with catheter ablation and cardioversion. Stroke and death are the main problems with these surgeries. What happens if these procedures don’t work? Is there another option for the patients to receive any treatment? If the heart is shocked three or four times in one cardioversion setting, how will the heart handle this treatment the next time the heart needs to be shocked? Is there a definite cure out there? Since antiarrhythmic drugs are potentially dangerous, is…

vessels and arteries. These vessels and arteries can sometimes become blocked due to an occlusion or pre-existing heart disease. The occlusion or pre-existing condition can be affected if there is a lack or decrease of oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle. Hypoxic cell injury is a mechanism where oxygen levels are decreased to the myocardial cells of the heart and results in atherosclerosis. Blood flows through each of the coronary arteries independently. When one of the arteries is…

ventricular muscle must overcome to eject blood. There is an inverse relationship between afterload and stroke volume. Factors that affect afterload include age due to stiffness and less contraction of the muscular arteries, increase of blood pressure and constriction of the arteries. The heart simply ejects all of the extra blood that filled it. However, increased in stroke volume leads to an increase in cardiac output and arterial pressure therefore the afterload of ventricles increases, over…

Ischemic heart disease is when there is a partial blockage of the coronary arteries, which can result in not having enough oxygenated blood. Symptoms such as chest pain and shortness of breath arise from this CVD. Cerebrovascular disease, also known as a stroke, indicates an issue with the circulation of blood in the blood vessels…

Venous return is the flow of blood back to the heart. This process is achieved by five mechanisms. The Pressure Gradient, now this mechanisms work via the heart generating pressure even though the pressure is weaker in the veins than in the arteries it is still the most important force in the venous flow. Gravity, but only when you are sitting or standing anywhere above the heart simple gravity is at work in returning blood back to the heart, not to say that very thing isn’t still working…

cardiovascular diseases is coronary heart disease. In which, the arteries harden and narrow due to plaque buildup that is known as atherosclerosis. Coronary heart disease usually leads to heart attacks because of high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and abnormal cholesterol levels. Furthermore, a study conducted by Hambrecht et al. (2000) was to determine if aerobic exercise training can improve coronary reserve in patients with coronary artery disease and endothelial disfunction. Vascular…

Task 2 Part A Cebita Santhosh Q1. The three main types of blood vessels in the circulatory system are veins, arteries and capillaries. The veins carry deoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart. The arteries carry blood away from the heart to your tissues. The capillaries are the smallest of the body's blood vessels, only one cell thick and are found in the muscles and lungs. Q2. Eating too much salt can raise your blood pressure because of the extra water stored in the…

The abnormal values are the Wbc that is 18,732 as well as the bands at 12% and the Glucose that is 135. The wbc is high because she has the infection, so it is one way to know that an infection exists. The bands simply mean that wbc is mature and she has a lot of them. Having an infection can cause a stress response that increases everything in the body, so the high glucose has to do with the stress response. The vital signs that seem abnormal are the temperature of 102, the heart rate of 152,…

sustained, elevated blood pressure of 140/90 or greater. This condition develops over many years. Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries. The more blood the heart pumps, the narrower the arteries become and therefore causes a higher blood pressure. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious complications such as heart attack and stroke. Essential Hypertension and Secondary Hypertension are the two…