Reinforced concrete

Concrete is a building material that looks like stone. The Latin word “concretus” means to grow together. Concrete is a composite material，composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) entrenched in a solid matrix of material by (the cement or binder) that fills the space between the aggregate particles and pastes them together. Depending on what kind of binder is used, concrete can be divided into nonhydraulic cement concrete (made of nonhydraulic cement), hydraulic cement…

Body is the outer part of the car. It is consist of chassis and coachwork. Chassis is the structure of the car. It is like a skeleton. The other component of the car mounted the chassis. Coachwork is generally produced by sheet and, protected the car’s other component. Designing of the body is significant. Sports car companies attach importance to body design. The remarkable things are while designing the body; used materials, stiffness weigh of the body and, aerodynamic design.Lamborghini is…

4.1 First Side by Side Geometry The first model shown in figure 3 was for twin tunnels already constructed at a centre to centre spacing of 3D. This model helped to identify the influence of construction sequence on surface and subsurface ground displacement upon excavating the first and second tunnels underneath the existing twin tunnels. Figure 3: First Side by Side twin tunnels 4.1.1 Surface Displacements The surface displacements at distances of 4.75m, 7.125m, 9.5m and 11.875m from the…

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been studied for their excellent performances which are suitable for use in bone defects or regeneration of bone. Hydroxyapatite (HA) has poor mechanical properties which make it limited used in a load bearing area. In this case, sodium alginate (SA) was used to be mixed with hydroxyapatite (HA) by using precipitation method to increase the mechanical and physical properties. The mixing of hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate effectively increases the densification and hardness…

One of the first accounts of Brutalism was given by architectural critic Reyner Banham in his seminal essay titled New Brutalism published in the Architectural Review in 1955, Banham’s conception of New Brutalism was both a movement in the sense of futurism and a style. Banham’s etymology of the term New Brutalism is clarified through his complex and contradictory explanation of Brutalism as both a movement and style. Banham did articulate clearly three underlying rules which are its core…

replacement of cement material begins with the concrete testing. Concrete contains cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and grit With the control concrete, i.e 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% ,20% of the cement is replaced with ceramic waste & hypo sludge the data compared with data from a standard concrete without ceramic waste and HYPOSLUDGE individually. Three cube samples were cast on the mould of size 150 X 150 X 150 mm and 300 X 150 mm cylinders for each concrete mix. After about 24h the…

1. Spiral Jetty was created by Robert Smithson in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970 from earthwork. 2. The Spiral Jetty is arranged into a spiral shape along the water of the Great Salt Lake. The emphasis of the earthwork draws the viewer into the center of the shape along the spiral, as this part is larger and more filled. The work is arranged in a unified pattern, especially as the textures and colors are all the same throughout the shape. The core of the spiral, as the largest part of the work, has…

2.9 Material Properties 2.9.1 Hardness Test Hardness is defined as a measure of a material’s resistance to contained plastic deformation (e.g., a small dent or scratch). Hardness testing comprises a small indenter being enforced into the surface of the material being confirmed under organized circumstances of load and rate of application. The depth or size of the resulting indentation is measured, which in turn is linked to a hardness number; weaker the material, indentation will be the…

Material selection The main purpose of outer material is to provide enough insulation. So minimum heat transfer coefficient is required for the outer material. Other selection criteria are: 1. Cost 2. Environment friendly 3. Availability Alternatives along with heat transfer coefficient are: • Wood : 0.19 w/m/k • Plastics: 0.29 w/m/k • Polystyrene foam: 0.04 w/m/k • Polyurethane foam: 0.03 w/m/k From the above alternative more suitable outer materials are Polystyrene foam and Polyurethane…

Much has been made recently of the DIY foam roofing options that can be incorporated in your homes. Insulation is important to help keep away too much heat and cold outside temperatures inside the house. The great advantage to using foam roofing is the ease of installation. Since it is relatively easy to do, many can attempt do it on their own. This is one of the reasons why it has become popular. Insulation is necessary to protect the roof from weather getting into the cracks of the wood…