Refractive index

6.3. A. Microemulsions (135-143) Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant 135-137. Microemulsions have several advantages such as enhanced drug solubility, good thermodynamic stability, and higher transdermal permeability over conventional formulations 138,139. Many studies reported the use of microemulsions as topical drug delivery vehicles showed their ability to improve transdermal and dermal delivery…

chamber. It forms anterior 1\6 of the outer coat of the globe.[1] The sclera and the conjunctiva overlap the cornea more vertically than horizontally. Together with the lens, the cornea refract light, and it is approximately 43 diopters of the total refractive power[2]. The curvature of the lens, on the other hand, can be adjusted to tune the focus depending upon the object’s distance.[2] The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive to touch, temperature and chemicals; a touch of the…

1. The biggest potential source of contamination of the locations we tested in the Distribution of Microorganisms would have to be the floor of the lab. The reason why this is the biggest potential source of contamination is because multiple people are coming in everyday from the outside world, bringing in microorganisms from the outside into the lab. And although we sanitize the counter and all the spaces that we work around, we don’t take precautions to necessarily clean the floor, making it…

Fiber optic communication systems are light wave systems that employ optical fibers for transmitting information from one point to other through an optical fiber. The driving force behind the widespread use of fiber optic communications is the demand for economic, reliable transmission media that can transmit required information capacity. The transmission capacity of optical fibers has drastically improved over the years. Today, optical communications up to 100 gb/s for several kilometers have…

Optical fiber thin as hair is everywhere on this planet, carries an enormous amount of information from place to place. There are a number of desirable characteristics of the optical fiber for conveying this information. They have the ability to carry large amounts of information, a low cost and have the immunity from electrical wiring and wireless communication link a number of disturbances that can afflict. Advantages of optical fibers for transmitting information from place to place, it…

If Ɵ1 is greater than the critical angle then light cannot refract across. The critical angle is the angle whose sin is n2/n1. (Davis) The refractive index of the medium is a number that characterizes the optical density of the medium in vacuum. It means the change in the speed of light that travels through a medium relative to vacuum. When a ray of light strikes the boundary at an angle greater…

Seven (58.3%) cases had infantile motor nystagmus and 5 patients (41.7%) had sensory problems including optic nerve hypoplasia (n=3) and macular hypoplasia secondary to oculocutaneous albinism (n=2). Mean spherical refractive error before and after surgery was -2.16 ± 1.36 and -0.1 ± 0.35, respectively, mean spherical equivalent was -2.82 ± 1.65 and -0.26 ± 0.25, and mean astigmatism before and after surgery was -1.33 ± 1.14 and -0.31 ± 0.51, respectively (P<0.001 for…

Microstrip Patch Antenna Ahmed T. Hassan Abstract—The paper represents the design and the simulation of high a high gain 2.4GHz Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna for wireless communication applications. Index Terms—Microstrip Patch Antenna, Radiation Pattern, VSWR, S-Parameter I. INTRODUCTION Recently, The Microstrip Patch Antennas became one of the most demanding antenna based as the high demand of antennas for wireless communication systems such as wireless local area network (WLAN),…

For clear vision, the eye's cornea and lens must curve (refract) light beams legitimately, so that pictures are centered plainly on the retina. Overall, the pictures will be blurry. This blurriness is alluded to as a "refractive mistake." It is created by a contrast between the shape of the cornea (bend) and the length of the eye. LASIK utilizes an excimer laser (a ultraviolet laser) to correctly uproot corneal tissue, providing for it another shape so light beams are centered…

2.4.3. Dispersion of Light The fact that the refractive index different for each wavelength of light produces an effect called dispersion. This can be seen by shining a beam of white light into a triangular prism of glass. White light entering a prism is refracted in the prism at different angles depending on the wavelength of light. The refractive index for the longer wavelengths (red) is lower than for the shorter wavelength (violet). This leads to a large angle of refraction for the longer…