Reflex

One of the major channels of the spinal cord is the spinothalamic tract; a sensory pathway. It conveys nerve impulses for sensing pain, warmth, coolness, itching, tickling, deep pressure, and crude touch. (Tortora, 2014-01-22, p. 461). Based on that description and as the name implies, information will travel from the region of stimulation on the skin to the CNS, ultimately landing at its destination at the thalamus; thus, making it an ascending pathway. This pathway is further divided into…

Key ideas from this learning theory are reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and differentiation. Pavlov’s work explores how stimuli and response can be used to increase the likelihood of a reflex, extinguish the reflex, and to stimulate the reflex in some situations, but not in others. Yet another elemental learning theory, the principle of contiguity of cue and response, comes from the work of Guthrie. Guthrie suggested learning takes place through a stimulus-response…

is carried through the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord. Once it reaches the spinal cord, association neurons pass the message to motor neurons. Motor neurons, which are efferent, carry the message back to move. This chain is called a reflex, which is meant to be a fast reaction to stimuli. It does not even reach the brain, going directly from the dorsal root through the spinal cord to the ventral root. Evolution made this system to…

Connors, & Paradiso, 2016). The vestibular system also works with the visual system to provide optimal visual input by controlling the vestibulo-ocular reflex. This reflex allows the eye to focus in one direction during movement and allows the visual input to be a stable image. The eye is moved in the opposite direction by the vestibulo-ocular reflex when there is movement of the body to keep it fixed in one direction (Bear, Connors, & Paradiso, 2016). Therefore, when the head is turning to the…

Ivan Pavlov: Founder of Conditioned Reflexes Background On September 14, 1849, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia. Son of Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov and Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya, Ivan was the oldest of eleven siblings in his religious household. His father, Peter, was a village priest and his mother, Varvara, was a housewife. Ivan went to a church school where he studied theology until his interests pursued him to study scientific pursuit. As a young boy, his biggest…

healthy foal will use its suckling reflex to take in its very first milk called colostrum. This is very important and should be a top priority for a foal when it is born because during the first 12-24 hours the foals gastrointestinal tract allows them absorb the important antibodies in the first milk giving them a healthy immune system. A sick or weak foal can quickly deteriorate. Foals may become sick if they are unable to nurse or have a weak suckle reflex. Foals can be born with…

dependence to the narcotics. They are effective pain reliever, use in cough preparation and can induce sleep. The most common side effect on the user’s body of chronic opioid including constipation to decreased gastrointestinal motility, reduce the cough reflex and reparatory drive, increase mental clouding, cause nausea, and vomiting. Also, can cause physical and psychological dependence when taken for a long time. Narcotics can also stimulate seizures in patients with convulsive disorders.…

startled and move away performing a sequence of steps called an c-start used as an escape mechanism, the name was give due to their characteristic shape. The intricacies of the c-start are important to figure out why such an escape reflex comes to action; the escape reflex is studied on the Goldfish (carassius auratis) by Mirjany…

The quote I choose from the paper above is “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it” by George Santayana. I believe that this best explains what history is and why people study because what George is saying is that if you do not know what mistakes people made before us, then you do not know what NOT to do. Therefore you are bound to make that mistake. Another reason I believe that this quote explains why we study history is that if you are going to do what the quote says,…

The unique and foremost influence to psychology that Descartes had was his consideration of the mind-body interaction. Descartes lived as a French philosopher and mathematician who; in the early 17th century, agreed with the notion of a clockwork universe. According to the text, this notion of the times proposed that the universe could be likened to a clock due to the fact of its constancy, predictability, and exactitude. The clock could act as an allegory to expound upon the workings of the…