Redox

3.7 ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY USING ACETONITRILE:0.05M AMMONIUM ACETATE (33:67) AS MOBILE PHASE 3.7.1 For Plain Drug Estimation Mode Reverse Phase HPLC Column C18 Detector UV Spectrophotometer Mobile Phase 0.05M Ammonium Acetate (pH 4): Acetonitrile Sample Raloxifene Hydrochloride in Methanol HPLC Flow Rate 1 mL/min Injection Volume 20µL Retention Time 4.6 min Λmax 289nm A stock solution of Raloxifene Hydrochloride was…

Nanosilver Impregnation A 400 ppm aqueous dispersion of silver nanoparticles was produced and applied to the specimens using electrochemical technique. The size range of silver nanoparticles was 30-80 nm. The pH of the suspension was 6-7; two kinds of surfactants (anionic and cationic) were used in the suspension as stabilizer; the concentration of the surfactants was three times the nano-silver particles. Empty-cell impregnation process (Rueping method) was carried out in pressure vessel under…

This refres to a reaction in which there is not enough O2 in order to react with atom C in buthane to change into CO2 therefore they will change to carbon monoxide. The oxygen reacts with H to produce H2O these can be defined by incompelete combustion. Use Markovnikov's Rule to explain why Propan-2-ol is formed during the reaction between propene and steam. (A.C. 2.3) According to his role if a HX compound was added to an unsymmetrical alkene the H will bond to the compound. As propane is an…

Solventless Reactions: The Aldol Reaction CH204-01 Fadwa Mekkaoui Introduction: An aldol reaction is the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond by the addition of a nucleophile to an electron deficient carbon. The reaction is favorable in Green Chemistry. It demonstrates green principles such as using no solvent and having a high atom economy. In the lab a mixed aldol reaction was performed to synthesize an unsaturated ketone from and aldehyde and ketone. By using an aldehyde, that doesn’t…

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Photosynthesis Introduction Photosynthesis forms carbon dioxide into oxygen, making it an essential for life. (2) The purpose of doing this lab was to find out how sodium bicarbonate concentrations effected the rate of photosynthesis. (1) In photosynthesis, CO2 (carbon dioxide) is a reactant. CO2 is also produced by sodium bicarbonate. (3) This makes the addition of sodium bicarbonate to prompt the process of photosynthesis. This should cause the reaction to…

Triangulene, a chemical similar to graphene, has long been thought to be unable to be synthesized due to its instability. A team from IBM, however, has figured out a way to create this elusive molecule. Triangulene is a flat molecule made of six carbon rings structured in the shape of a triangle. The problem with synthesizing this molecule is that it contains unpaired electrons in two of its outer carbons. These free electrons cause the molecule to oxidize almost instantly as these electrons…

Recent research shows that AgNPs enhance luminol fluorescence and chemiluminescence by acting as a catalyst with hydrogen peroxide. When AgNPs interact with hydrogen peroxide they cause the peroxide to degrade into superoxide and hydroxyl radical, which also react with luminol to form 3-aminophthalate (Equations 2-5) [13]. The further degradation of hydrogen peroxide into other reactive oxygen species promotes higher fluorescence intensity. Figure 5 shows the increased fluorescence intensity…

Reducing operating costs is probably the easiest and most effective way to increase profit margins. In most situations reducing operating costs in a company can’t be done without a tradeoff. In this exchange a company might have to sacrifice quality in order to decrease costs or take measures that negatively affect employees in order to reduce labor expenses. In most of these situations management must make difficult decisions that have the potential to help or harm the company in the long term.…

Measurement of glutathione Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous tripeptide which serves several vital functions including detoxifying electrophiles, scavenging free radicals and providing a reservoir for cysteine. The sulfhydryl group of GSH reduces 5-5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and form the yellow colour product 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB)21. Measurement of the absorbance of TNB at 412 nm provides an accurate estimation of GSH in the sample. Figure 7. Materials 5×105 cells/mL…

This lab is designed to find the mass of copper produced when excess aluminium is reacted with 2.00g of copper salt [Copper (II) chloride decahydrate]. This will be achieved by dissolving the given amount of copper salt in distilled water and then adding in the aluminium rod. The reaction will commence as copper will begin to form on the aluminium. Calculating the percent yield is commonly used in the atom economy of a chemical reaction, which is a measure of the initial substance which becomes…