Redox

Fortunately, age spots are usually harmless. However, nobody actually wants to have them, but many people do. Luckily there are ways to prevent, fade, and even remove those annoying age spots. What are age spots and who can get them? Age spots, also known as "liver spots," are identically colored, but randomly occurring dark spots, typically more common as you age. Age spots are caused by prolonged sun exposure, which is why they are more prevalent the older you get. They appear in areas more…

Introduction Copper is an element that can be typically obtained from copper ore (minerals) in the Earth’s crust(1). The ore is initially mined then goes through processes to recover copper(2). Copper is important as it many chemical and physical properties. Copper is a good conductor of electricity and is malleable (the ability to be bent) which is why copper is used in electrical wiring. It is also used in bronze and brass as an alloying agent(3). Chemists use a sequence of chemical reactions…

Phyllanthus emblica help to boost immune response due to its vitamin C content (Suresh et al., 1997). Phyllanthus emblica being a source of anti–oxidants like ascorbic acid, other polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins has potency to correct imbalances in ox–redox status in vitiligo. Studies have shown that the supplement with antioxidants in patients with vitiligo might represent a valuable instrument to increase the effectiveness of other vitiligo treatments. Oral supplementation with an…

Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of end-stage renal disease and its current management may slow the progression to renal failure, but it does not prevent its development. Therefore, effective and new therapeutic approaches are needed in diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney diseases. Data showed that oxidative stress and inflammatory process are important factors contributing to kidney damage by increasing production of oxidants. KEAP1/Nrf2/ARE pathway regulates the transcription of…

According to this finding, under visible-light excitation, gold NPs drive a process called photo-redox catalysis, with shares same characteristics and mechanistic features of traditional semiconductor photocatalysis. Through electron harvesting with the help of holes scavenger material and under the appropriate condition, in which in this finding, the…

Introduction Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy in plants and other organisms (Reece, 2011). Photosynthesis is a redox reaction where carbon dioxide is reduced to sugar (glucose) and water is oxidized to oxygen (Reece, 2011). The reaction that occurs during photosynthesis is shown through the empirical equation CO2 + H2O → (CH2O)N + O2 (Stegenga, 2015). Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically within the thylakoid…

the mitochondria membrane. FAD is present, it then turns the succinate to cause cellular respiration. SDH will replace with DCIP, which is an artificial electron acceptor. DCIP is used to measure mitochondrial activity in the spectrometer. DCIP is a redox indicator, causing it…

Introduction Beside the increase in O2 and CO2, there is a compromise of lactate acid and acid- base balance from a high intensity exercise. The factors that avoid this change in the homeostatic limits are PO2 and PCO2, and pH. Which are maintained form increase in oxygen delivery to the alveoli and CO2 exhalation from the body (King, 2018). Acid- Base balance are affected by hydrogen ions which are formed from the lost of electrons. When a molecule releases hydrogen ion it is determined as…

water-soluble mixture of incomplete ferrous salt of polyacrylic acid containing 0.05 to 0.5% of iron in combination with the pharmaceutical solvent which is water or physiologic solution. Feracrylum is obtained by polymerization of acrylic acid inhibited by redox- system in aqueous medium at 50°C temperature [13]. Understanding how and when to use each of the available hemostatic agents can greatly affect clinical outcomes and help in reducing morbidities and mortalities as well as limiting the…

Toxicology Profile; Arsenic Basic Chemistry Introduction Arsenic is an abundant naturally occurring element with an atomic number of 33 and an atomic weight of 74.92 g. Although strictly a metalloid, arsenic is commonly referred to as a ‘heavy metal’ and can be found within group 4 of the periodic table. It should be noted that most of the other elements within this group have a biological role, but arsenic itself is a toxin (see section 1.x). Some additional chemical properties of elemental…