Reciprocal altruism

The better know of all is the Porter-Lawler model. Although conventional wisdom argues that satisfaction leads to performance, Porter and Lawler argued the reverse. If rewards are adequate, high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction. In addition to the features included in the original expectancy model, the Porter-Lawler model includes abilities, traits, and role perceptions. Critiques: Vroom’s theory does not directly contribute to the techniques of motivating people. It is of…

Edgar Morin (27), “The star is incarnated in the characters of his or her films but also transcends them. Moreover, these characters transcend the star” (Shingler, 124). With that being said, Morin believes that “the star cannot appear when this reciprocal interpretation of actor and hero fails to occur, for in that case, they are mere…