Reciprocal altruism

Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion groups in which individuals form subgroups that are fluid and flexible (Goodall 1968). Females are the dispersing sex in chimpanzees (Pusey 1980); thus, there is low variation in the degree of relatedness between females in the same community, and the majority of female-female bonds will not be closely related (Vigilant et al. 2001). Most female chimpanzees emigrate at adolescence, between nine and 14 years old (Nishida et al. 2003). Inbreeding avoidance…

In the Euthyphro dilemma, Socrates poses the question, does God approve of things because they are moral or are things moral because God approves of them? The former suggests that God merely reinforces what is already intrinsically moral and that his commands are inessential to determining the nature of morality. This option does not explain the roots of morality and also presents limitations on God’s sovereignty, but the latter option also presents substantial problems as well. God, in the…

paid more attention to, I think it require a sense of empathy, a strategy of changing each other’s positions. Usually, it is easy to think about things from one’s own interest but it is hard to realize other people’s response since any movement is reciprocal in some degree. Viewing sense-making by separating it into different stages, Weick gave us a valued perspective that there are six stages involved in sense-making process: noticing and bracketing, labeling, retrospectively thinking,…

In this chapter, we will closely examine the concept of the “gift” in anthropological scholarship. The first section will focus on what constitutes a gift and the ambiguity of gift-giving in social life. Then we will look at the long-term debate between different scholars on the distinction between gifts and commodity. The third section will focus primarily on Marcel Mauss and his theory of the gift, while its successive section on the various criticisms of Mauss’ theory by different…

have tight-knit friendships with many others. Bonobos are the perfect case study for the evolutionary benefit of altruism. In general, for two closely related creatures, if the benefit for one creature outweighs the cost to another, then the helpful creature should follow through on the behavior. When this formula is combined with humanity’s impressive capacity for memory and reciprocal behaviors, then this one action can create a positive feedback loop that increases happiness and genetic…

Pinker attributes differences in political opinion to conflicting perceptions of human nature. He claims that arguing on the basis of morality alone will rarely, if ever, bring either party any closer to a resolution. Finding common ground within a controversial debate requires recognizing the relationship between our inherent nature and the political ideals we uphold. Scientific research shows that individuals with certain temperaments often tend to share similar opinions. This discovery is the…

requirements is his employee could finish work efficient and correctly. The relationship between employee and employer is consanguineous and it affects the benefits of each other. Therefore, psychological contracts defined as "promissory, implicit, reciprocal, perceptual, and based on…

Societies’ morals is composed of benevolent visions and inadequate wills. Though we view humanitarian efforts as beneficial, we are often reluctant to participate and provide support to the humanitarian field. At times, many of us even choose to subdue our sympathetic willingness to aid by distancing ourselves and ignoring new information. This is not to say that we become entirely insensitive to global crisis and people’s suffering, but rather that we are so occupied with the convenience of our…

to do and other things. I was really taken back, I had no idea that she was such a talker and had a lot to say. I guess my small gesture had broken the ice between us and now we are friends. This act of kindness in the text is referred to as reciprocal altruism theory, helping someone out because this gesture would be reciprocated back and that’s the benefit of it. Lastly, there was a family, a mother and her two boys that were coming out of TGIF Friday. I held the door for them and told them to…

In Political Order and Political Decay, Fukuyama discusses how modern developed democracies have acquired various rigidities over time that have made institutional adaptation increasingly difficult. Therefore, all political systems, authoritarian and democratic are subject to decay over time. The reason why they are prone to decay lies with institutions and their inability to adapt and eventually fix themselves (Fukuyama 546). Fukuyama asserts that a system that was once successful and a stable…