Receptor antagonist

1. Backward journey of a neuron Neurons are specialized cells, and their effective communication is vital to the proper functioning of the peripheral and central nervous system. In this part, we shall cover the backward journey of transmission. Neurons transmit electrical information through the body. The process of transmission should flow well, but there exists a gap between one neuron and the next one called the synaptic junction. The gap is known as the synaptic cleft. Since the electrical…

referring to a process. In other words, the process in which a neurotransmitter is released outside of the cell. Neurotransmitters travel into the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells, known as the synaptic cleft, where they bind to the receptors located in the postsynaptic cells. After they bind, the neurotransmitters have three options. The first one is that they can travel to the extracellular space, thus, becoming lost. The second option is the fourth step of enzymatic…

What is meant by “agonist and antagonist muscle pairs”? Give an example What is meant by agonist in muscle pairs is that it does the majority of the workload in an exercise and is considered the prime mover (primarily responsible for movement). The antagonist in respect to the agonist counteracts. The antagonist helps allow the agonist to perform a task. An example could be the biceps brachii contracts when doing elbow flexion. While the antagonist would be the triceps brachii relaxing during…

The primary inflammatory cytokines: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine which is produced by macrophages, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, keratinocytes and tumor cells [13]. It is produced during early inflammatory response. It mediates the production of other cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [14]. It also increases vascular permeability, which leads to migration of activated immune cells to the site of infection [15,16]. TNF…

schizophrenia, thus pharmacotherapies play an important role in abstaining from alcohol misuse. Research by McGregor and Gallate (2004) suggests that alcohol craving in rats was suppressed with the application of selected cannabinoid receptor antagonist an opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. Despite available anticraving treatements, the neurobiological processes that underline repeated drug and alcohol abuse are not fully understood. It is important to continue to conduct experiments to…

Nalbuphine : An autoradiographic opioid receptor binding profile in the central nervous system of an agonist/antagonist analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;244:391-402. 10. Fournier R , Gamulin Z , Macksay M, Van Gessel E. Intrathecal morphine versus nalbuphine for post operative pain relief after total hip replacement. Anaesthesiology…

Oxybutynin Chemical structure Mode of action and pharmacology Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic, antispasmodic medicine that is used to relieve urinary symptoms caused by an overactive bladder. An over active bladder is caused by involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle surrounding the bladder causing it to empty unnecessarily. The detrusor muscle helps control normal working functions by relaxing and contracting as the bladder fills and empties. Symptoms include…

buprenorphine is the partial agonist, and naltrexone is the antagonist. Within article one, three presentations are shared about medication-assisted therapy for opioid addiction. The first presentation was shared by Dr. Andrew Saxon, whose topic was on methadone and buprenorphine for treatment of opioid addiction and human immunodeficiency virus risk reduction. The second presentation was shared by Dr. Walter Ling, and his topic was opioid antagonist treatment for opioid addiction. The last…

The knowledge regarding the biological causes of depression is somewhat rudimentary compared to other illness due to the lack of thorough knowledge regarding the complexities of the human brain. However, the monoamine theory, hypothesizes that a predisposition to depression can occur in individuals whose serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine have been depleted (Bunney & Davis 1965; Delgado 2000; Hirschfield 2000) Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are neurotransmitters responsible for…

determine if comorbidities are present and provide early intervention. The patient with allergic rhinitis can maintain symptom management via intranasal steroid, oral/intranasal antihistamine (USPHHS, 2013). Combination therapy and leukotriene receptor antagonist are possible options. However, leukotriene should not be a primary intervention. The patient will be evaluated in 1 week to determine effectiveness of the interventions. Accutane Accutane or Isotretinoin is vitamin A derivative that…