Reagents for organic chemistry

neutral species while ionic liquids are composed of ionic species and ionic intermediates commonly known as “ionic fluids” and “liquid electrolytes”. In ionic liquids there is a species that has a delocalized species and the other species may an organic species or an inorganic species. The term "ionic liquid" in the general sense was used as early as 1943. They are powerful solvents and electrically conducting fluids. Any salt that melts without decomposing produces ionic fluids. As ionic bond…

After the mass of the crude product was measured, the recrystallization was done for more purification; the solution looked clear prior to it’s cooling to room temperature. After the solution cooled to the room temperature and vacuum filtration was done again on recrystallization product, the solution was a white shiny with crystalline solid appearance. The melting point of the Meta-Methyl nitrobenzoate product formed was at 76.2 ‐ 78°C. The appearances of the TLC for the crude product, starting…

Microwave (MW) assisted Esterification of Benzoic Acid (BA) offers the advantage of transformation of energy and heating throughout the volume efficiently in a shorter period and eliminates the use of excess solvent, during the course of reaction. The present study aims to assess the conversion and selectivity for the production of methyl benzoate compounds by esterification of benzoic acid using microwave irradiation. Effects of operating parameters such as reaction time, feed composition,…

important discoveries in the modern field of chemistry. Fritz Haber was born on December 9, 1868, into a prosperous Jewish family. He was the son of first cousins Siegfried and Paula Haber. Siegfried was a well-known merchant who founded his own company selling pharmaceuticals, dye pigments and paints. According to Stoltzenberg (2004), Siegfried wanted his son to apprentice at his company after he finished schooling. Instead he allowed Haber to pursue chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelm…

was protonated to form an oxonium ion. The hydroxyl group on benzoin acts as a nucleophile and attacks the positively charged nitrogen from the protonated nitric acid. This results in the removal of water from nitric acid and the formation of an organic nitrate. Water abstracts…

Extraction of alkali from banana peels is known to depend on such parameters as ashing temperature, ashing time, soaking time and particle size of the ashed sample, soil type and variety. Alkali was extracted from three Nigerian grown banana peels namely: Saaro, Oloosun and Paranta for the purpose of determining the concentration of the extracted alkali. The concentration of the extracted alkali ranged from 0.02 to 0.10mol/dm3. The three varieties of the banana peels gave a maximum concentration…

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, limiting equivalent conductance (Λ0), ion association, activation energy and thermodynamic functions. Introduction: The measurement of electrical conductivities of dilute solutions of salts or complexes is considered to be one of the important methods for studying the ion-pair or multiple- ion association not only in aqueous solutions but also in non-aqueous or mixed ones 1-4. Also, conductivity measurements were used to evaluate the hydration free energy of some…

Introduction Enzymes are specialized proteins present in all living organisms, whether animals, plants or microorganisms (Reece et al., 2012) .In addition, life would cease to exist without these vital organic molecules, as they are needed for metabolic processes, and other reactions and processes in the body (Reece et al., 2012). Sometimes some RNA molecules can act as enzymes (Reece et al., 2012). Enzymes as well as their substrates work best at optimal levels, and are affected by temperature…

Rufinamide (Banzel) was designated as an orphan drug for use in the treatment of seizures that are caused by Lennox—Gastaut syndrome in patients older than four in 2004 by the FDA (Food and Drug Adminsitration).¬¬¬¬¬1 Lennox—Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a epileptic disease, commonly found in children, that is characterized a high rate of injury from seizures as well as a wide range of treatment-resistant seizures. In the past treatments were inadequate, leaving patients without much, but after the…

For the next two weeks, the objective of this lab is to explore EAS reactions. These reactions are possible spots on a benzene ring for substituting electrophiles due to compounds that are already on the ring. There are three types of directing substituents. The first one is a para-director which guides the second substituent on the opposite side of the benzene ring. The second director, which corresponds with para-directors, is the ortho-director. These directors place the group of atoms on the…