Reaction

1983: The Methodology of PCR and its Applications in Forensic Science Introduction The technique of PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction was introduced by an American scientist Kary Mullis, for which in the year 1993, he was jointly awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry, with Michael smith, for his contribution in site-mutagenesis. Kary was working as a chemist at the Cetus Corporation, a biotechnology firm in Emeryville, California, where he came across an idea to amplify a desired DNA strand…

T is the adiabatic reaction temperature of the pyro-oxidation zone. (Barman, Ghosh, and De) also considered the formation of tar and methane reforming reaction in the pyro-Oxidation zone. The adiabatic reaction temperature is found out by considering heat balance in the zone. Enthalpy of reactants + Heat loss=Enthalpy of products = The heat loss from the oxidation zone was found to be around 10% by Chern(cite). TO is the temperature of biomass fed to the gasifier and Ta is the…

A similar experiment such as the reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid includes the “Yellow Snowstorm” reaction – a reaction between Copper (II) and Thiosulfate. Copper (II) sulfate [CuSO4·5H2O] dissolves to give cupric ion (Cu2+); in the context of a redox reaction with thiosulfate, the cupric ion acts as an oxidizing agent. Reactions within the temperature on Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid occur as the result of molecules interacting with each other to create new…

DISCUSSION There are three chemical properties will be discussed which are combustion, reaction with bromine and reaction with potassium permanganate. Combustion was used to test the unsaturation of hydrocarbon. The degree of unsaturation refers to the number of the rings and / or multiple bonds present in the hydrocarbon molecule (McMurry, 2015). Hexane was a saturated hydrocarbon, it completely combusted and emitted carbon dioxide plus water. Cyclohexene was an unsaturated hydrocarbon, it…

the rate of a reaction and they can either be fast or slow. The factors that affect the rate of a reaction are nature of reactants, concentration of a solution, presence of a catalyst, surface area, pressure of gases, temperature etc. These reaction rates may have positive or negative effects in our everyday lives. Today, I will be talking about how temperature, surface area and concentration can have a role in our everyday life. Firstly, a factor that affects the rate of a reaction that we see…

virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism. Some enzymes help break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule. Enzymes are highly selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. The molecules that an…

substrate concentration increases so does the rate of reaction. The catalysing of enzymes involves molecular movement of the substrate and enzymes in an aqueous solution. Therefore the substrate and enzymes are moving randomly within the solution (Brownian motion). By increasing the concentration of the substrate particles the rate of reaction is increased as the substrate is much more likely to find an active site. This results in more reactions occurring which then produces more product…

How does sight and hearing affect your reaction time? Introduction/Background: Many researchers have confirmed that the reaction time for sound is faster than reaction time for sight. Average reaction times for hearing being 140-160 milliseconds and a visual reaction time being 180-200 milliseconds. (Galton, 1899; Woodworth and Schlosberg, 1954). This is because an auditory stimulus only takes 8-10 milliseconds to reach the brain (Kemp et al., 1973) whilst a visual stimulus takes 20-40…

affect reaction time more?”. The hypothesis is : If a meter stick is dropped and caught while texting or talking to test the subject’s reaction time, then texting will have more of a reaction time than talking. This test measures reaction time of texting and talking to know which of the two are more dangerous to multitask with. Texting uses three distractions of the brain, visual, cognitive, and manual while talking just uses manual and cognitive. Texting on the phone had an average reaction…

2015 PCR Optimization Abstract A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a reaction that is set to catalyze the amplification of a copy of a piece of DNA. The aim of this lab was to optimize a PCR reaction by finding out the optimum concentration of MgCl2 needed. Six reactions were set up four with varying concentration MgCl2 and two primer control groups. The volumes and concentrations of each component of the PCR reaction was calculated and added up to 20uL as the ending volume.…