Random variable

CHAPTER 4 PSO AND GA TECHNIQUE 4.1 Moth Flame Optimization In the proposed MFO algorithm, I assumed that the candidate solutions are moths and the problem’s variables are the position of moths in the space. Therefore, the moths can fly in 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, or hyper dimensional space with changing their position vectors. Since the MFO algorithm is a population-based algorithm. It should be noted here that moths and flames are both solutions. The difference between them is the way we treat and…

positive association with the variable of interest and related variables. However, I predict that if either parents or both of them had engaged with heavy drinking and/or smoking, then it is likely that one will rate his or her overall family environment to be negative. It is universally taught to children that heavy drinking and smoking has a negative connotation and impact to people’s health and lifestyle. Hence, this is an example of a negative association between the variable of interest…

Non parametric tests It is a hypothesis test which does not need population distribution. For instance there are numerous hypothesis tests which depend upon assumptions that population must be normally distributed along with the parameters. Main advantages of non- parametric tests are that they do not rely on assumptions, so they can be easily used where population is non-normal. One thing to be kept in mind, that these tests may have few assumptions related to the data. They might not be…

pool, stratified random sampling using directories and mailing lists is believed to yield a more adequate, representative sample. Although potential participants will be contacted via email, the survey will be hosted on an external, dedicated website, employing the services of a reputable service provider (i.e. Survey Monkey). Survey questions will separately assess citizenship norms, such as characteristics, beliefs, and behaviors associated with the various categories of the variable and…

the freeze frame data analyzation on Pasco also resulted in time recordings that had slight discrepancies of maximum 0.033 seconds with one another, thus meaning that the variable of time was strictly not controlled within the experiment. Small test to test discrepancies in pressure gage reading is another area in which random error may have occurred. As the scaling of the bicycle pump increased in values of 2 PSI, the assumed margin for error is 1…

One intervening variable to consider in this study is the court system’s classification of the police-suspect interaction. If a police officer is not indicted for his/her crime of “police brutality”, it will not be found on record. I am aware that many police brutality cases are “swept under the rug” and are not registered. Here, I can only use the data available to me. A strong moderating variable is the types of policies being implemented in the time segment…

Americans, the racial differences may varied from any other state of the country. Furthermore, the participants were selected through convenient sampling instead of random sampling, which may not represent all the middle school students with different cultural and racial diverse in the U. S. Therefore, for future research, it is critical to use random selection of sample and consider the racial differences as another factor to understanding children’s psychosocial development. However, for some…

on their “stats”, it is understood that these methods are an improvement over intuition. Intuition currently guides most trial lawyers confronted with the task of selecting a jury. In 1990, Kleinmuntz wrote that intuitive judgment is subject to random fluctuation and, therefore, to decreased reliability and accuracy. RevisMedia has developed a set of algorithms that goes beyond intuition and provides an empirical ranking of jurors, allowing trial lawyers…

Research Design The research design which was chosen for this research was the quantitative randomized controlled trial (RCT), which is used to reduce any bias in the research being conducted. Randomly selecting participants and reducing any bias allows the researchers to see how a treatment plan affects the group who is being treated and compare the results to the comparison group who is not receiving any treatment (Kampf, Löffler, & Gastmeier, 2009). The intervention and comparison group will…

independent variable and one dependent variable. The independent variable is multitasking which will consist of two separate levels. The two levels for this study would be the experimental group which will be asked to complete multiple tasks while the control group will be required to complete just one task. Memory will be the dependent variable. Memory will be measured as a result of the effects of multitasking and memory recall. Participants The participants will be selected by random…