Quark

formation of the Universe, as observable through studying the distribution of gravity within galaxies (Carnegie). Original attempts at studying dark matter referred to dark matter as baryonic, which is a word used to describe baryons, or quark based particles. Quarks make up “normal” subatomic particles, and so when referring to dark matter as baryonic, physicists were assuming that dark matter was made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons, just like all types of known matter, yet that would…

A redox reaction occurs wherein two or more chemical compounds undergo oxidation and reduction half-reactions, forming new chemical substances. Life can be compared to a redox reaction in that people form different bonds with one another, separating and forming new connections throughout their lives. However, in Redox Reactions there is a substance known as a spectator ion. It does not bond with any other substance nor does it take part in the reaction. This is similar to life in that some…

There are four fundamental forces that act upon the nucleus. The forces are, strong force, weak force, electromagnetic, and gravity (F1). The strong force holds the nucleus together and produces all of the interactions between all particles containing quarks (F2). The weak force holds the protons and neutrons together. Electromagnetic force binds electrons to the nucleus. Since electrons have a negative charge, and protons have a positive, electromagnetic force allows the two ends to pair…

Eliza Revell Big Bang Theory Task-Science 2015 10CH For a very long time the Big Bang theory has been one of the most talked about topics in science. Most astronomers believe that the universe began with a ' Big Bang ' They believed that it happened about 14 billion years ago. At that point in time, astronomers think that the universe was inside a dense kind of 'bubble' that was thousands of times smaller than a pinhead. They think it was…

Stephen R. Lawhead's science fiction and fantasy series “Bright Empries” seems to be like no other. Especially since it was written by him. Unlike most of Stephen R. Lawhead's work that deals with mixing mythology and historical events, “Bright Empires” does neither. Instead, they focus on humans going to other dimensions and what it would be like to visit worlds, not just countries, that were not their own. With the release of the fifth book in the series in 2014, called “The Fatal Tree”, the…

mobile phone and used the new operating system, Symbian. In 2002, the Palm Treo was a line of smartphones that allowed you to check your calendar while you were on the phone, call directly from a contact list, and send emails. In 2003, the Blackberry Quark family of smartphones were introduced. This was the first phone that users did not have to attach a wired headset to make calls. In 2007, Apple propelled smartphones into the mainstream by unleashing the iPhone. It was the first commercial…

Throughout my years in middle and high school, I have participated in Science Bowl, a competition hosted by the US Department of Energy. This national competition brings teams of students together to test their knowledge on a variety of topics, including physics, math and energy. Students have to work as a team to represent their school and move on in the double elimination bracket. More information can be found on the official website: http://science.energy.gov/wdts/nsb As a middle school…

atom has undergone many revisions. One of Dalton's postulates discusses the indivisibility of atoms, but we know today that atoms are made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons, which in turn are made up of even smaller elementary particles like quarks and leptons. Similarly, the atomic model has changed multiple times; electrons were thought to be free floating until Bohr proposed his orbital model. In this case, not all previous knowledge was discarded. Electrons are clearly still part of the…

The CGS framework retreats to a proposition in 1832 by the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to base an arrangement of supreme units on the three essential units of length, mass and time. Gauss picked the units of millimeter, milligram and second The centimetre–gram–second arrangement of units (truncated CGS or cgs) is a variation of the metric framework taking into account the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time. All CGS…

Hitching a Ride on a Light Beam Physics is the most fundamental of the sciences, undergirding astronomy, chemistry, geology, biology, and—absent some paradigm-shattering revelation—human thought and action. Its analytical methods and machines have plumbed the unknown and the inaccessible, from the submicroscopic confines of the atomic nucleus to the billowing expanse of the observable universe. Physics has superseded our biochemically mediated perceptions of the world, replacing qualitative…