Quantum information science

The SEM produces a largely magnified image by using electrons instead of light to form an image. A beam of electrons is produced at the top of the microscope by an electron gun. It consists of an electron gun to produce high energy electron beam. A magnetic condensing lens is used to condense the electron beam and a scanning coil is arranged in-between magnetic condensing lens and the sample. The electron detector (Scintillator) is used to collect the secondary electrons and can be converted…

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a tool to study thermal emission resulting from non-radiative relaxation followed by absorption of radiation. PAS was studied primarily by Alexander Graham Bell, John Tyndall, Wilhelm Rontgen and Lord Rayleigh in 1884. For the history of PAS, was not until 1975 that photoacoustic spectroscopy started to be used as a wide range of different applications. This technique provides the following main advantages over the known types of spectroscopy. The advantages…

T Introduction Jean Piaget a well-known and first psychologist to make a systemic study of cognitive development. He was a very talented scholar and his first scientific paper, on the Albino Sparrow published at the age of ten. After he received his doctoral degree at the age of twenty-two, Piaget formally began his career that would have a profound impact on psychology and education. Today, Piaget is best known for his research on children’s cognitive development. He studied the intellectual…

height and width showing location. Time provides one more coordinate direction although conventionally, it only moves forward. Time travel is transporting between different points in time. It has been a popular theme for science fiction for decades. From the science fiction movies "Doctor Who" where TARDIS, time and relative dimension in space, travels through extra dimensional…

by describing light as a wave. Some other properties such as emission and absorption are better explained by treating light as a particle. The correct or exact nature of electromagnetic radiation is not clearly known, as it has the development of quantum mechanism in the first quarter of twentieth century. Wave properties of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation consist of oscillating magnetic and electric…

Dostoevsky’s extended criticism of the world in his novel “Notes from the underground”, explores a dark truth about the human condition. The inevitably of suffering and the absence of consciousness is Dostoevsky’s example of the human condition that he perceives to be tragic but rather truthful. The protagonist whom represents the worldview of the Dostoevsky, tends to escape the 19th-century capitalist society of Russia by living underground and doing nothing. In this sense the retrospect of a…

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT): The VBT has two most serious limitations that electrons in molecules are treated as though they are localised and behave almost as they did in isolated atoms. This means that the VBT retains the individuality of the atoms composing molecule. The problem can be resolved by introducing the resonance theory, but with the loss of the original valence bond model. Hund[ 173], Mulliken[ 174], Van Vleck[175], Helsenberg[176], Jones[ 177] and others suggested an alternate…

Rutherford’s planetary model is the most generally accepted atomic model. Ernest Rutherford is a New Zealand born son to a Scottish wheelwright and an English schoolteacher. He did well in school academically as a child and in 1894 was given an Exhibition Science Scholarship. This scholarship allowed him to go to Cambridge and study under J.J. Thomson. Under the help of Thomson, Rutherford came to discover radioactivity. Rutherford made a device used to detect electromagnetic…

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom Introduction: The theory of quantum mechanics explains the behavior of the particles, such as photons (particles of light) and electrons, in the atomic and subatomic realms. Since the electrons of an atom determine many of its chemical and physical properties, quantum mechanics is foundational to understanding chemistry. Quantum-Mechanical Model- a model that explains the strange behavior of electrons Electromagnetic Radiation- a type of energy…

system” In 1905 German physicist Albert Einstein published the first paper of a new age of Physics. His theory of special relativity, followed by general relativity and the Einstein Field Equations in 1915, and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics in 1925 combined to form a more significant shift in natural philosophy…