Quantum efficiency

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT): The VBT has two most serious limitations that electrons in molecules are treated as though they are localised and behave almost as they did in isolated atoms. This means that the VBT retains the individuality of the atoms composing molecule. The problem can be resolved by introducing the resonance theory, but with the loss of the original valence bond model. Hund[ 173], Mulliken[ 174], Van Vleck[175], Helsenberg[176], Jones[ 177] and others suggested an alternate…

An atomic model is a proposed idea of what an arrangement of an atom thought to look like. Many physicists such as Dalton Billiard, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Neil Bohr proposed these ideas and made models based on their own ideas. Out of these physicists, Ernest Rutherford’s planetary model is the most generally accepted atomic model. Ernest Rutherford is a New Zealand born son to a Scottish wheelwright and an English schoolteacher. He did well in school academically as a child and…

Erwin Schrödinger was a physicist pioneer who gave a series of lectures in 1944. They were published under the title What is Life? (Harold, 2001). Though philosophical in nature, many have wondered if life can be reduced to biology or even further down to chemistry. This sent many scientists looking for the answer and spawned the guiding question, could human life be artificially created at the cellular level? This would consist of arranging the correct amounts of various elements into the…

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom Introduction: The theory of quantum mechanics explains the behavior of the particles, such as photons (particles of light) and electrons, in the atomic and subatomic realms. Since the electrons of an atom determine many of its chemical and physical properties, quantum mechanics is foundational to understanding chemistry. Quantum-Mechanical Model- a model that explains the strange behavior of electrons Electromagnetic Radiation- a type of energy…

system” In 1905 German physicist Albert Einstein published the first paper of a new age of Physics. His theory of special relativity, followed by general relativity and the Einstein Field Equations in 1915, and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics in 1925 combined to form a more significant shift in natural philosophy…

Imagine, if you were not yourself, yet at the same time you were. Imagine that you had led a completely different life. Maybe you were a soldier, an engineer, a banker, or maybe you did nothing with your life. What if you were born a with a different name, different gender, a different race; what if you were not born at all. Imagine a world where the American Revolution never happened, The Allies fell to the Axis, or the Cold War ended in nuclear annihilation. However, none of these scenarios…

The theory of backwards causation, or retro-causation, has been given much attention in the past twenty years. It has made waves in metaphysics, quantum physics, and even religion. In the case of religion, it pulls into question God’s divine foreknowledge, in other words omniscience. This is an attempt to reconcile the foreknowledge of God with the possibility of backwards causation. Thus if is it impossible to do so then the options present themselves as: God has no divine foreknowledge,…

optical gating pulse which permits the generation of subfemtosecond electron pulse. The ratio of the number of attosecond-gated electrons respect to the total number of electrons of the original electron pulse represent the attosecond optical gating efficiency which depends on the original electron pulse duration. It is calculated by dividing the integration of the coupling part of the spectrum by the integration of all spectrum. This relation is illustrated in Fig. 4D. Thus, the attosecond…

Otto Hahn was a great scientist that did multiple things to advance the scientific field. Otto Hahn was born March 8, 1879 and died on July 28, 1968. In his early years he was debating being an architect but later went on to become a German chemist. Hahn attended the University of Marburg and recieved his doctorate degree in 1901. He served one year in the military. In 1904, he went to London to learn English and ended up working at the University College. At University College, Hahn ended up…

The book, The Disappearing Spoon by Sam Kean explores each of the elements on the periodic table. The Disappearing Spoon focusses on the history of the Periodic Table by telling stories that show how each element affected the scientists that discovered it. For each element, Kean supplies an extensive backstory for its foundation, the common (or uncommon) uses of the element and other useful factoids about the matter. The author begins the novel with a physical description of the Periodic Table…