Quantum dot

Dostoevsky’s extended criticism of the world in his novel “Notes from the underground”, explores a dark truth about the human condition. The inevitably of suffering and the absence of consciousness is Dostoevsky’s example of the human condition that he perceives to be tragic but rather truthful. The protagonist whom represents the worldview of the Dostoevsky, tends to escape the 19th-century capitalist society of Russia by living underground and doing nothing. In this sense the retrospect of a…

creation of transistors was made possible by the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that each electron has a unique set of quantum numbers, and only two electrons can occupy the same orbital. Knowledge of the exclusion principle allowed developers like Shockley, Van Vleck, and Bardeen to create the transistor with semiconductors, which also rely heavily on quantum mechanics (they only allow a certain number of electrons through until a change occurs in the junctions of its positive and…

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT): The VBT has two most serious limitations that electrons in molecules are treated as though they are localised and behave almost as they did in isolated atoms. This means that the VBT retains the individuality of the atoms composing molecule. The problem can be resolved by introducing the resonance theory, but with the loss of the original valence bond model. Hund[ 173], Mulliken[ 174], Van Vleck[175], Helsenberg[176], Jones[ 177] and others suggested an alternate…

An atomic model is a proposed idea of what an arrangement of an atom thought to look like. Many physicists such as Dalton Billiard, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Neil Bohr proposed these ideas and made models based on their own ideas. Out of these physicists, Ernest Rutherford’s planetary model is the most generally accepted atomic model. Ernest Rutherford is a New Zealand born son to a Scottish wheelwright and an English schoolteacher. He did well in school academically as a child and…

Erwin Schrödinger was a physicist pioneer who gave a series of lectures in 1944. They were published under the title What is Life? (Harold, 2001). Though philosophical in nature, many have wondered if life can be reduced to biology or even further down to chemistry. This sent many scientists looking for the answer and spawned the guiding question, could human life be artificially created at the cellular level? This would consist of arranging the correct amounts of various elements into the…

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom Introduction: The theory of quantum mechanics explains the behavior of the particles, such as photons (particles of light) and electrons, in the atomic and subatomic realms. Since the electrons of an atom determine many of its chemical and physical properties, quantum mechanics is foundational to understanding chemistry. Quantum-Mechanical Model- a model that explains the strange behavior of electrons Electromagnetic Radiation- a type of energy…

system” In 1905 German physicist Albert Einstein published the first paper of a new age of Physics. His theory of special relativity, followed by general relativity and the Einstein Field Equations in 1915, and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics in 1925 combined to form a more significant shift in natural philosophy…

Imagine, if you were not yourself, yet at the same time you were. Imagine that you had led a completely different life. Maybe you were a soldier, an engineer, a banker, or maybe you did nothing with your life. What if you were born a with a different name, different gender, a different race; what if you were not born at all. Imagine a world where the American Revolution never happened, The Allies fell to the Axis, or the Cold War ended in nuclear annihilation. However, none of these scenarios…

The theory of backwards causation, or retro-causation, has been given much attention in the past twenty years. It has made waves in metaphysics, quantum physics, and even religion. In the case of religion, it pulls into question God’s divine foreknowledge, in other words omniscience. This is an attempt to reconcile the foreknowledge of God with the possibility of backwards causation. Thus if is it impossible to do so then the options present themselves as: God has no divine foreknowledge,…

The visible pulse (gating pulse) enters the microscope, and together with the ultrafast electron pulses illuminate the nanostructure specimen (gold nanoparticle). The visible laser pulse kept at low power (~1.8 mJ/cm2) to avoid saturation. At the spatiotemporal overlapping, the coupling between the visible and electron pulses takes place. The signature of this coupling can be revealed by measuring the electron energy spectrum using the electron energy spectrometer attached to the microscope. The…