Quantum cryptography

Gilbert Lewis first introduced his theoretical dot structures in 1916. Today, these same dot structures are used to illustrate the chemical bonding nature of atoms. How did Lewis formulate these brilliantly simple representations of nature? The Lewis Dot Structures we know today actually derive their functionality from Lewis’ own model of the atom, the Theory of the Cubical Atom. This essay will explore the functionality of Lewis’ cubical atom and how this model led to the Lewis Dot Structures.…

In 1959, metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) was invented by Dawon Kahng and Martin M. (John) Atalla at Bell Labs. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld had already patented the basic principle of this kind of transistor in 1925. But later the Bell Labs edition was allocated the name bipolar junction transistor, or merely junction transistor, and design of Lilienfeld came to be identified as field effect transistor. Later, Jean Hoerni found that Silicon dioxide (SiO2) should be used to…

Introduction Molecular orbital theory allows for the relation between the nature of chemical bonds and the properties of molecules.1 Many times, the frontier molecular orbitals, named HOMO and LUMO, are analyzed in order to predict these properties. In this lab, each double bond corresponds to a molecular orbital. The HOMO, or highest occupied molecular orbital is the most energetic (highest n-value) orbital that contains an electron. The n-value is equal to the number of double bonds present.…

the world, most of the things happening everyday would stop. Most people know what computers are and how they work, but there is a special kind of computer that not many people in the world are aware of, that is Quantum Computers. So, you may ask “What is a Quantum Computer?”, well a quantum computer is not an ordinary computer because of many reasons, the…

Introduction Quantum dots (Q-Dots) is very small semiconductor particles that means it can be either conductors or resist electricity depending on the temperature and purity of the semiconductor. Q-dots range in size from 2-10 nm, so because of their small size, quantum mechanics governs the physics of the particles. The synthesis Q-Dots were first studied in 1982 by Efros and Ekimov, and then many developments have reported the synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles.1 Q-Dots have unique…

One can take for granted the knowledge that has already been discovered or they can look back and learn about the people who made the discoveries in their lifetime. There are lots of theorists, who have furthered the development of nursing theory. Each one has contributed to the development of nursing knowledge that is used, event to this day (textbook chapter 5). Throughout this paper, different nursing theorists will be discussed, as well as, their theories; an application to the nursing…

substrate. For example, when using two semiconductors with similar lattice constants, such as InAs and GaAs, a quantum well can be fabricated in roughly three stages. In the first stage, the Gallium and Arsenic chambers are opened for a calculated duration. The Ga and As particles…

Research question: To what extent is the maths behind the double pendulum correct and what are its limitations due to chaos theory. Chaos theory is the idea, in simple terms, that certain natural events and occurrences are unpredictable in their behaviour. Examples of this are: weather, turbulent flow in certain liquids and even the double pendulum. These things can be explored and determined mathematically just how unpredictable they are and under what conditions they may become predictable,…

Table of content Introduction Two dimensional electron system Hall geometry Classical interpretation of IQHE Quantum mechanical interpretation of IQHE Significance of IQHE References Introduction The integral quantum hall effect (IQHE) was first discovered by Klaus von Klitzing and coworkers in 1980. It was demonstrated by two dimensional electron system in a device called metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), under low temperature and large magnetic…

Sir Isaac Newton was born on December 25th, 1642. As Newton grew up he was recognized as a very knowledgeable physicist, mathematician, author and astronomer. He excelled in both math and physics and has been developing theories since his early twenties. Isaac Newton attended a grammar school in Grantham near Lincolnshire, where as during this time Newton became very interested with chemicals. In 1664 Newton at that time was a student, he read up on work containing optics and light. He was…