Quantum chemistry

Chromatography Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to use chromatography to separate and purify organic compounds. There are many different types of chromatography but most depend on the principle of adsorption. The two important components of chromatography are the adsorbent and the eluent. Adsorbents are usually solid materials that will attract and adsorb the materials to be separated. The eluent is the solvent, which carries the materials to be separated through the adsorbent. After being…

The problem being tested is how do different chemicals, such as ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium chloride, affect the temperature of the water? The hypothesis being studied is, if three grams of calcium chloride is mixed with 50.0mL of water, then the temperature will decrease because there are more atoms in calcium chloride than in ammonium chloride and sodium chloride. The independent variables is the type of chemical and the dependent variable is the change in the temperature…

Endothermic or Exothermic? The energy changes lab was an interesting lab in which the class compared two chemical reactions, the solute baking soda and the solvent vinegar, and the solvent baking soda solution with the solute of calcium chloride to see whether the changes were endothermic or exothermic reactions. I concluded that vinegar and baking soda was the endothermic reaction and baking soda solution and calcium chloride was the exothermic reaction. I knew this because in the vinegar and…

The purpose of this experiment was to be able to identify certain substances that the Armadillidium vulgare is attracted to or would be likely to move towards. The substances were three different liquids and three different solids. Another purpose of the lab was to learn the characteristics of an Armadillidium vulgare also known as a pillbug (Mader, 2013). The main topic was based on whether the pillbug would be attracted to certain substances, and the reason they’re attracted to it. The pillbug…

A group of biologists have developed a general model to explain growth and development in ectothermic organisms. Changes in environmental temperatures effect the rates of most biological reactions and biological processes in ectotherms. The rates of ontogenetic growth and development are no exceptions. Ectothermic animals develop faster at warmer temperatures and they usually mature at smaller body sizes. This phenomenon has been called the temperature size rule (Zuo et Al. 2011). The…

Chapter 11, “The Chemical Elements”, was of great interest to me. “Chemistry is the study is the study of the composition and structure of matter (anything that has mass) and the chemical reactions by which substances are changed into other substances (James T. Shipman 285).” In this summary paper, I will discuss some of the highlights of the chapter. The way I see it, God is the original/first chemist. He took His own creations (the elements in our Periodic Table) to make provisions for…

How can we differentiate acids and bases? How do we know if a substance is an acid or a base? There are different methods to discover whether a substance is an acid or a base. One of the methods is by using an acid-base indicator or by identifying hydrogen or hydroxide ions in a substance’s chemical formula. Certain materials such as a plastic template, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, phenolphthalein, universal indicator, and a pH chart can be used to help us distinguish acids and bases.…

Enzymes are a biological catalyst. When a chemical reaction is taking place the enzyme works to lower the activation energy of a reaction. The activation energy is, the amount of energy that is required in order for a reaction to take place. Enzymes bind to reactant molecules. The enzymes hold these molecules in a way that makes the processes of the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming take place more readily. A reaction can be either energy-releasing or energy-absorbing. Enzymes have no…

2.5. ANTIOXIDANT STATUS 2.5.1. TLC - Semi Quantitative DPPH Assay 0.2 % DPPH solution in methanol was prepared and kept in the fridge for further use. The grid space was marked with 1.0 cm2 space on an aluminum based TLC sheet (Merck silica gel 60F254) and a stock solution of all the extracts together with the standard were prepared in methanol. A series of dilutions of the stock together with the standard were prepared ranging from 400 µL to 0.01µL for the last dilution. The grid on the TLC…

Ivan pavlov was born in Rtazan,Russia in 1849. His father was a priest and wanted Ivan to become a priest as well( Famous scientists.org,2016) . His father's name was Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, and his mother's name was Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya(Ivan Pavlov,2016). Ivan was one of eleven children, Ivan was the eldest sibling in the group(Ivan Pavlov,2016). As a young boy he spent a lot of time in the garden, which got him interested in science(). He attended Ryazan Ecclesiastical high school;…