Quantum chemistry

The goal of experiment four was to use sodium dichromate to oxidize borneol to camphor. The camphor was purified using sublimation, then reduced to isomeric alcohol isoborneol with sodium borohydride. 1H NMR was used to determine the ratio of borneol to isoborneol in the final product. The experiment was carried out by using sodium dichromate to oxidize a borneol solution. Once the reaction was complete the mixture was separated using extraction techniques, dried, and ether was removed via…

Sowbug Experiment Introduction A sowbug is an isopod that belongs to the Classic Crustacea family. They live in damp, wet, dark environments and are commonly nocturnal. They are mostly found under rocks, rotting tree bark, or logs in moist, dark areas outside. Through the observational study I observed that the sowbugs most often moved towards the edges and buried themselves, they moved quickly, and they mostly stayed and/or ended up on the damp-dark soil rather than the dry-light sand. Based…

The goal of this experiment was to determine the Michaelis constant (Km) and also the maximal velocity (Vmax) and the inhibition of alkaline phosphate. In order to accomplish these goals, 5 samples were used. Each sample contained different volumes of 0.2 m MPNPP (p-nitrophenylphosphate) and 0.2 M Tris-Hcl at a pH of 8.0. To each sample 0.2 mL of the enzyme studied (Alkaline Phosphatase) were added upon insertion on the spectrophotometer apparatus. With intervals of 20 seconds their absorbance…

Cleaning Marble Floors Marble isn't just an excellent searching stone, it's also very durable. Marble floors and counter tops may cost a lot of money would you like to make certain you are taking proper proper care of them. Taking special proper care of this kind of stone can be tough but when the marble is extremely well taken proper care of, the shine it brings could make any room much more elegant. When cleaning marble floors, certain things should be considered. Bear in mind that marble…

Introduction Homeostasis is the state of a stable internal cell environment. If the cell is not in a state of homeostasis, then the cell will not be able to live and function properly. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what molecules enter and exit the cell. The plasma membrane keeps the environment inside the cell relatively stable which is the state of homeostasis. The goal of this investigation is to see if the size of the cell is affected when the cells are put in…

The purpose of this lab is to find the optimal pH of the enzyme peroxidase, which is found in plant and human cells as a byproduct of photorespiration, photosynthesis or cellular respiration. This is significant because an enzyme operating in nonoptimal pH could have negative effects on the cell, and could pose a health threat to the organism. Enzymes proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They do this by acting as a template for substrate orientation,…

Introduction: In this lab, seven test tubes containing solutions in equilibrium had different stresses added to them to examine the balance in each example. The purpose of the experiment was to indentify the details of shifting in equilibrium reactions and determine how the adding of a stress can affect a reaction. A chemical reaction that is in equilibrium is reversible, where a reactants can create products and products can go back to products. Equilibrium is reached when the rate of a…

Trend The constant, 0 v/v % hydrogen peroxide solution, did not react with the catalase, therefore it was recorded as 300+ seconds and had a reaction rate of 0 seconds-1. The 0.1 v/v % hydrogen peroxide concentration recorded a reaction rate of 0.17 seconds-1. The 0.2 v/v % hydrogen peroxide concentration, recorded a lower reaction rate than the 0.1 v/v% at 0.14 seconds-1. The 1 v/v % hydrogen peroxide concentration recorded higher at 0.49 seconds-1. The 3 v/v % hydrogen peroxide concentration…

Introduction: All organisms depend on the action of enzymes to carry out the reactions of life. According to the text in Campbell Biology, enzymes are biological catalysts. These globular proteins speed the rate at which metabolic processes occur by lowering the activation energy or the energy barrier required to transform reactants to products. Each enzyme is specific, each containing active sites destined for a substrate. Substrates are the reactants or starting materials of chemical…

To carry out the experiment we need to get caffeine into a solution. We used a solid-liquid extraction by adding 14 tea bags into a 1L beaker with 6g of sodium carbonate, 250 mL of tap water and bringing this to a boil for five minutes on a hot plate. Sodium carbonate is a weak bronsted base, that neutralizes tannic acids extracted from tea, that interfere with the later sublimation operation.(1) We turned the heat off after five minutes, added ice cubes to cool the mixture to room temperature…