Pulse pressure

Hypertension High blood pressure is a disease of epidemic proportions in the United States. According to the American Heart Association, high blood pressure, or hypertension, is diagnosed in about 80 million American adults. Tens of millions more are estimated to have high blood pressure and do not know it. One of the main problems with hypertension is that it is a symptomless disease. This means that it does not display regular signs and symptoms. Instead, high blood pressure damages the…

The uptake of oxygen into muscles is what facilitates muscle contraction. Oxygen that is obtained through breathing by the lungs is transported to the rest of the body, as well as the heart by means of haemoglobin. The rate of liberation of oxygen from haemoglobin has an effect on the quantity of oxygen available in the muscles for a muscle contraction to ensue. The higher the oxygen concentration in the muscle the greater the force of muscle contraction. Temperature has an effect on the…

High blood pressure check; is the first step when assessing the patient with heart failure. It is likely to prevail in the majority and subsequent and urgent treatment should be done, or the patient would suffer more on account of organ damage. Enzyme inhibitors, aldosterone…

Dabigatran was the first FDA-approved NOAC and is a potent, direct inhibitor of thrombin (Faktor IIa). Its serum half-life is 12-17 hours and is 80% renaly excreted (Table 1) (5, 6). The FDA recommended dose of dabigatran in patients with CrCL > 30 mL/min is 150 mg twice daily. However, the ESC guidelines recommend in patients with CrCl 30-49 mL/min to use the 110 mg BID dose. A subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial (7) which included patients with CrCl 30-49 mL/min demonstrated a lower risk…

many contractions of the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. At the 2013 American Heart Association meeting, which took place in New Orleans, studies show that drinking one to three energy drinks could increase a person's blood pressure and mess with the heart rhythm. The normal heart rate for adults is from 60 to 100 beats per minute. An unusually low or high heart rate can cause problems. A lower heart rate means that the heart is functioning more efficiently. There are many…

Oxybutynin Chemical structure Mode of action and pharmacology Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic, antispasmodic medicine that is used to relieve urinary symptoms caused by an overactive bladder. An over active bladder is caused by involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle surrounding the bladder causing it to empty unnecessarily. The detrusor muscle helps control normal working functions by relaxing and contracting as the bladder fills and empties. Symptoms include…

undertake, both manually and using electronic devices’’. Marieb & Hoehn (2010) describes blood pressure as the force of blood inside the blood vessels against the vessel wall. Systolic pressure is the raised pressure of the left ventricle that contracts blood that enters the aorta; this causes the stretching of the left ventricle and acts as functioning part of the ventricle (IBID). While the diastolic pressure is the flow of blood from the aorta into the smallest vessels as the aortic valve…

Operative Management of Portal Vein/SMV Trauma: Can We Just Ligate Case Scenario: A 21-year-old male presented to the emergency department after he was stabbed in the abdomen. On examination, his vital signs were significant for a systolic blood pressure of 70 mmHg, heart rate of 120 beats per minute, and a right upper quadrant stab wound. Given the concern for intra-abdominal bleeding, he was taken to operating room for exploratory laparotomy. The patient had a large right zone 1…

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in America and is one of the leading causes of disability. Just like everything else in our body, our brain is fed by blood through arteries. And just as high blood pressure can damages the arteries of our heart, it can damages the arteries leading to our brain. If the arteries to our brain are only partially blocked, you can experience a transient ischemic attack- kind of like mini stroke. Its a brief, temporary disruption of blood to your brain caused…

infection of the blood or tissues that affects the whole body. Septic shock is the final, most serious stage of this infection. It is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. What are the causes? Septic shock is caused by a drop in blood pressure. The drop keeps your organs from getting enough oxygen, causing them to fail. What increases the risk? You are more likely to develop this condition if: You are very young or elderly. You have AIDS or another disease that weakens your…