Pulmonary artery

- Inner Layer; An inner endothelial cell layer called tunica intima lines the arteries and veins. The tunica intima, is a single layer of squamous epithelial cells that lines the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system. In many veins, the tunica intima is equipped with pockets that act as one-way valves. These valves prevent the back flow of blood and allow the veins to act as supplemental pumps that help to keep the blood following in one direction, back toward the heart. The activity…

external jugular veins in the neck. Both veins drain bilaterally from the head and neck into the superior vena cava. The external jugular vein lies superficially and is just above the clavicle. The internal jugular vein lies deeper, along the carotid artery. It is best to examine the right internal jugular vein because it follows a more direct anatomical path to the right atrium of the heart. The column of blood inside the internal jugular vein serves as a manometer, reflecting pressure in the…

need it. If the body does not have a key factor like oxygen to carry out its duty, it cannot function properly. In the next couple of paragraphs, I will be discussing the perfusion exemplars such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and traumatic brain injury.…

Question 1 According to Mrs Brown’s clinical manifestations it can be diagnosed that she has pulmonary oedema. Congestive heart failure happens when the heart is unable to pump blood productively causing the backup of blood, which increases the blood pressure and causes fluids to collect in the alveoli in the lungs which leads to pulmonary oedema. According to the clinical manifestations Mrs Brown had an increased heart rate of 120 beats/minute, the increased heart rate is the heart beating…

respiratory system. Alveolar gas exchange or external respiration and the systemic gas exchange which is also considered to be internal respiration. The Alveolar Gas exchange is the inhalation of Oxygen and the exhalation of Carbon Dioxide into the pulmonary artery. The pressure gradients affect how oxygen can diffuse down across the respiratory membrane from the alveolar air into the blood, or carbon dioxide diffusing from the capillary into the alveolus. Pressure gradients, membrane…

Obstructive Shock Shock is typically described as blood flow that is inadequate to meet the oxygen concentration for normal functioning of the body tissues. Obstructive shock in this case results from mechanical obstruction of the left ventricle stopping the flow of blood out of the heart. With the limited blood flow, the tissues results in anaerobic metabolism since there is limited supply of oxygen. The anaerobic respiration produces a lot of carbon dioxide together with the inherent…

of the heart, increased workload, which reduces the amount of oxygenation that can be delivered to the vital organs. CHF is associated with other conditions that affect the heart which includes: long – term untreated high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis and endocarditis (Quinn, 2006). CHF can affect…

Day 1 Summary: John is a 62-year-old male smoker who has presented with concerning a BMI and blood test results. Q1. John’s low density glycoprotein levels are higher than the target level (actual level 5.6, target 1.0). Long term decreased high density glycoprotein level leads to a build-up of cholesterol in the body. Additionally, John’s triglyceride levels are above the recommended target level (actual level 5.7, target level <4.0). This supports the other data gathered, suggesting that…

Data regarding the cardiovascular system of older adults is slightly limited, due to the fact that older people are usually not included in clinical trials. However, enough research has been done to identify common physiological changes in the geriatric cardiovascular system, such as: increased heart weight; decreased number of myocardial cells with enlargement of remaining cells; increased left ventricle wall thickness; increased arterial stiffness; increased elastin levels; increased collagen…

the defect, symptoms, causes and treatments. The right side of the heart picks up oxygen by moving blood to the lungs. The oxygen-rich blood then goes to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart then moves it to the aorta; the main artery that transports oxygen-rich blood to the body (“Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)”). VSD causes the person’s…