PTEN

Cancer represents a heterogeneous group of diseases. It is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and a collapse of all multicellular co-operations (Zhang, et al., 2016; Zhang and Sun, 2015; Zhong, et al., 2016). Cancer promotes tumor development and metastasis (Ahmed, et al., 2013; Zhu, et al., 2016). Tumors are characterized by six essential alterations in cell physiology. These are self-sufficiency in growth signals, continued angiogenesis, insensitivity to growth inhibition signals,…

If the balance between estrogen and progesterone is disturbed, there could be absolute or relative increase in the level of estrogen. Continuous estrogen stimulation unopposed by progesterone causes hyperplasia of the endometrium. Mutations of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene have been found in more than 20% of hyperplasias. Most of the endometrial hyperplasias are reversible with appropriate therapy ,however if the hyperestrogenic stimulation persists, hyperplasia…

For the purpose of this assignment, I researched an article titled, “The Role of DJ-1 in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis” by Priyanka Rai and Sisinthy Shivajj. The article discusses many components in which are relevant to the disease, endometriosis. Endometriosis is a disease among women in which causes infertility and severe pelvic pain along with other health concerns. It is seen to occur within 10% of woman whom are of a reproductive or sexually-active age. It is due to the occurrence…

Li et al. (2013) studied the effects when combining adenovirus-mediated PTEN (AdVPTEN) gene therapy and cisplatin (one of the most common chemotherapy drugs) based (DDP) chemotherapy. After tests with nude mice bearing human small-cell lung cancer, data showed that AdVPTEN in combination with DDP chemotherapy repressed NCI-H446…

secreted from these pancreatic β cells. c. In specific target tissues, dilps activate the insulin-like growth factor receptor (InR). InR signals through chico, a homolog of the mammalian insulin receptor substrates, PI3 kinase (PI3K), as well as Akt. d. PTEN phosphatase provokes PI3K activity and therefore IIS. IIS affects gene expression by causing inactivation of the Forkhead Box O transcription factor FOXO. Down-regulation of target genes occurs due to Akt-mediated phosphorylation and…

number of substrates, where it regulates various proteins which are directly involved in brain development processes. For example, one of its substrates, PTEN is a key signaling molecule having direct roles in various developmental processes like neuronal differentiation and neurite growth (Li et al., 2003;Hsia et al., 2014). The cellular level of PTEN is largely regulated by its proteasomal degradation, which is governed by E3 ubiquitin ligases including CHIP (Ahmed et al., 2012). Cytoskeleton…

Synaptic dysfunction: Studies in a number of the PARK2 knockout lines suggest the presynaptic dopamine transmission is perturbed. In the Park2tm1Shn knockout line, the evoked dopamine signal of neurons was reduced and could not be restored with DAT inhibition (Goldberg et al., 2003). The normal function of Parkin in dopaminergic synaptic transmission is been explored and found that the signal is lower in parkin-/- mice relative to the control, indicating that loss of Parkin indeed decreased DA…

Healthcare providers are faced with ethical dilemma every day. However, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) emphasizes on the ethical and legal value of confidentiality. While a provider has a duty to warning Rachel of the consequences the genetic testing information can have to her sister Kristin, the provider however, do not have a duty to breach Rachel’s confidentiality so as to warn Kristin directly. The obligation of the provider is to encourage Rachel to tell…

Breast cancer refers to malignant cell growths found in the breast. Cancer starts when the healthy cells in the breast change and rapidly multiply creating masses of cells forming tumors. Tumors can be benign or cancerous meaning that the tumor cannot spread or spread to different parts of the body. Mastitis is when cancer spreads from the breast to other parts of the body through the lymph or blood vessels. This paper aims to discuss the relationship between genetic disorders, inheritance or…

Cancer refers to several diseases that the involve uncontrolled growth of mutated cells in the body. Normally, cells grow and divide based on signals and the body’s needs, and new cells replace old or damaged cells. However, cancer is able to develop when cell signaling is interrupted. The old cells stop dying and instead form new abnormal cells, possibly resulting in a tumor. Cancerous cells are malignant, which means they can invade nearby tissue, and can potentially metastasize and spread to…