Proton

a PEM fuel cell; however this is an extremely complex component because of its porosity, several phases, and reactions (Spiegel 2008). An efficient catalyst layer should provide several functions at the same time; transporting the electron and the proton, supplying oxygen and hydrogen and water management. The structure and composition of the catalyst layer affects all these roles. Optimization of the catalyst layer can provide for all these requirements, as well as increase utilization of the…

suggests that 3-pentanol was produced. On the 1H NMR, there are a total of 12H, which is the correct number of protons on 3-pentanol. Around 3.45ppm, there is a multiplet with an integration of 1. This peak corresponds to the methine proton on the carbon bearing the alcohol. The integration of 1 is correct since there is only one proton on that carbon. This proton has 5 neighboring protons, and is expected to be a multiplet (doublet of triples, or a triple of doublets). This is confirmed since…

the target volume without risking damage to the critical structures. With proton therapy, oncologists can perhaps deliver highly effective and precise dose to the exact location of the tumor. Therefore, it is possible to reduce side effects with proton therapy, especially when patients are presented with complications when they are diagnosed with lung cancer. In a study done by Chang et al. (2006), it was reported that proton therapy has the ability to significantly reduce dose to the critical…

Suggestion to improve the strategy To reposition the brand Proton’s former chairman Tan Sri Mohd Khamil Jamil once said that Malaysians are not supporting Proton, a product as a result of our national pride. Unlike in Japanese and Korean market, their local car manufacturers received strong support from their domestic market. Proton has always been labelled as a cheap and low quality car manufacturer since its debut in the 80s. The main reason is due to the public perception of the poor quality…

A proton is a positively charged elementary particle. The protons are accelerated using a cyclotron and then focussed into a beam and directed into the gantry using magnetic fields (REFERENCE). The proton beam can then be guided to the target area in the patient where the individual protons will interact with the cells in the body. There are 4 types of ways protons can interact with matter. Inelastic and elastic Coulomb scattering,…

Using a specific example discuss a possible target for the development of anti-mycobacterial therapeutics ATP synthase is a main enzyme used to produce ATP in respiration of a cell. It makes use of a proton gradient in the mitochondrial cell membrane to generate ATP. By transporting protons back across the membrane, using ADP and a phosphate ion to create ATP. Normally most bacteria can gain enough ATP to grow optimally through substrate level phosphorylation, however it has been shown that M.…

unstoppable duo, inventing a new, complex idea that was later named the neutron. In the beginning of the Twentieth Century the atom was imagined of two types of particles: protons and electrons. The problem with thinking in these terms was that the atomic mass measurements were not matching up with the atomic number, or protons in the nucleus of an atom. An example of this is the helium atom who has the atomic mass of 4, but a positive charge of two and negative charge of two. Positive charges…

Nicolaus Brønsted (1879 - 1947) Right hand side: Thomas Martin Lowry (1874 - 1936) THEORY An acid is a proton (H+) donor A base is a proton (H+) acceptor EXPLANATION OF THE THEORY: Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. A hydrogen ion is the same thing as a proton since hydrogen consists of a proton and an electron. When hydrogen loses an electron all that is left is a proton. According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, when an acid and a base react, a…

Halobacterium halobium, where it acts as a proton-pump, transporting protons out of the cell. Since its discovery in 1979, much research has been done on Bacteriorhodopsin and there have been many advancements in our knowledge. Firstly, on its structure and function and secondly, on the conformational changes it undergoes during retinal isomerisation. Introduction Bacteriorhodopsin is a globular protein, (Henderson, 1975) which acts as a light driven proton- pump located in the native purple…

Water molecules consist of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, the core of which is a nucleus, a single proton. The protons have a basic property called nuclear spin as well as an electrical charge which makes them act like little magnets. When the magnetic field makes the spinning protons wiggle, the stronger the magnetic field, the faster the wiggle. Nuclei wiggle at roughly 50 million times per second. If a proton is excited by some energy like a radio wave it will send that energy back as a radio…