Proton

and highenergy protons and heavy ions waves, also known as cosmic rays. Many of these particles are with the size smaller than atoms but are travelling at almost the speed of light and containing extremely high energy. Particles from the sun are released during solar activities like solar flares or coronal mass ejections. The total energy release from a single solar flare can be equal to more than a million of 100-megatons hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time. Energetic protons are shot out…

with the VU591 inhibitor would prevent the membrane from depolarizing. However, the addition of the FCCP uncoupler would cause an instant depolarization. Oligomycin is an antibiotic that acts by binding ATP synthase to block the proton channel, but FCCP activates the proton conductance, causing the instant depolarization. Refer to Figure 1 for a visual representation of the expected outcomes. The graph summarizes a study conducted by Aggarwal et al,, and we expect our results to depict a similar…

Relative dating and radioactive dating have semi major difference in determining the age of fossils. Some differences would be the techniques and methods used to determine the age of a fossil. Also another difference would be the process and the different types of dating that will work to find the age for that fossil. As well as the many terms that goes in the processes for dating fossils. Relative dating does not give an actual date for the fossils. Relative dating is used to organize…

has different personality meaning that so could other animals. Is There an Element Zero? We all remember the periodic table from chemistry class, l 118 elements and always climbing. Chemists are always trying to create new elements by cramming protons into the nucleus, but one might wonder, Could we reverse the process to find element zero? There has been much prediction around element zero but it has never been proven to exist. One man named Andreas von Antropoff claimed to discover…

This research paper is about six different hypothesis about how life started. It states the claim, the evidence and the scientist. It also says the year it was presented. In this paper it explains the six hypotheses that is the origin of biomolecules. The primordial soup hypothesis is that living things were made from a ocean from the combination from the chemicals in the air without oxygen and some type of energy to make amino acids which would then turn into living things.The Iron Sulfur World…

Chemical changes are everywhere from everyday things such as baking to scientific things such as changing one gas into another. Physical changes are changes that can be observed with senses and change a certain property or properties to a substance but it still remains chemically the same. This can include changes in the state of matter, size and shape. Chemical changes are when the substance is changed chemically with its properties changing with it. The substance with change from one substance…

A radioactive isotope an element with different masses meaning the neutron to proton ratio is uneven which makes the nucleus unstable and also removes energy by releasing radiation in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Radioactive isotopes have a high pertinence in the medical field especially for cancer. Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope that is widely utilized as a radiation source to suppress the development of cancer. Cobalt-60 therapy is used to let the doctor give higher doses of…

When a star is born it can take one of two paths. It can either take the path of a high mass star or the path of a low mass star. A high mass star will be between 10-50 solar mass and a low mass star will be between .8-10 solar masses. One solar mass is equal to M⊙ = (1.989±0.004) x 1030 kg, which is A LOT. Either path it takes, the one of a high mass or low mass star it will live about 90% of it’s lifetime in its main sequence. Once achieving nuclear fusion the star slowly contracts over…

substance. This means that water can act as an acid and a base. In pure water, about two molecules of water react to form a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion. One molecule of water will act as an acid by donating a proton and another molecule of water will act as a base by accepting a proton. This reaction is an equilibrium reaction and reversible. Therefore in the reverse reaction, the hydroxide ion is the base and the hydronium ion is an acid. Conclusion Overall, all of these extraordinary…

Barrett’s esophagus is a complication in the esophagus from a reflux disease predisposing patients to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a tumor in the esophagus that has increased up more than 7-fold over the past few decades. Since there has been such a significant increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma, the topic of endoscopic screening and surveillance for GERD and Barrett’s esophagus is being heavily debated. Barrett’s esophagus is a result of chronic gastro-esophageal…