Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Ion channels are membrane proteins that selectively allow the permeation of ions into and out of cells (Fig.1a ###image messes with formatting). Some channels have evolved to also sense changes in the electrical potential across a membrane. A potential above a certain voltage will trigger the opening of these ion-conducting pores, releasing large stores of ions across the membrane. These voltage-gated ion channels allow for the generation of electrical stimuli (the firing of neurons via the…

a) Cystic fibrosis affects ion transport in what type of cells? (1 mark) Cystic fibrosis affects ion transport in epithelial cells b) The CFTR protein regulates the transport of a number of ions; name 2 of these ions. (2 marks) The CFTR protein regulates the transport of Cl- and Na+ c) Explain why a defective CFTR gene could cause Dan to produce very salty sweat. (5 marks) The normal function of the CFTR gene provides instructions for making a protein channel called the cystic fibrosis…

the model investigated in this lab. Specifically the effects of temperature stress on the beetroots cellular membrane. Beetroot is known as Beta Vulgaris, it is one of the healthiest vegetables one can eat with plenty of minerals and vitamins. One of the main vitamins in beetroot is betaine which serve as organic osmolytes that are synthesized or taken from the surroundings by the cells to protect against osmotic stress, high temperature or, drought. Roots of beet also contain a high amount of…

All things alive are made of cells. We humans have way too many to count. All the cells cluster and act together in the way so that we can function normally. Thanks to Agre and MacKinnon we now have more knowledge over molecular machines such ass channels, gates, and valves. The fact that water could go through the cell wall has always been a known thing, however, how the pores looked under function had been unknown. That is, until 1990 when Agre became the first to discover one. Chemical…

directional migration of cells in response to a chemical stimulus. The movement of these cells can either be directed towards favourable chemicals (chemoattractants) or unfavourable chemicals (chemorepellents). In particular, sugars and amino acids can attract many species of bacteria via chemotaxis, and the main method used to identify these chemicals is an assay that uses a glass capillary (Abe et al., 2017). In the capillary assay, the outer chamber contains mobile cells while the inner…

A cell could be compared as many things like a person,restaurant ,team,and many other things ,but what am going to write about is a space ship.You may be thinking why a space, well a spaceship is as many functions that are very similar as the cells. The membrane is like the force field,because the force field protects the ship from intruders and the membrane protects the cell from anything wanting to get in. The nucleus is like the captain his the one in charge of what the…

The cell wall is only found in plant, bacteria, fungi, algae and other archaea cells. Its main functions are to provide protection and support for the cell. But the cell wall has many other functions as well including intercellular communication, providing shape, they also regulate what gasses can enter each cell. The vacuole hold water in plant cells and the cell wall maintains shape when the vacuole is full. The cell wall also prevents the cell from bursting when the vacuole is fully expanded.…

The purpose of Activity 1 of this lab is to understand how cell transportation works, The purpose of the second part is to explore semipermeable membranes. The purpose of Activity 3 is to explore how the size of a cell affects cell transportation. Background All cells are surrounded by a barrier called the cell membrane. It regulates what enters and leaves the cell, and also protects and supports the cell. Cell membranes are semipermeable, meaning it doesn’t allow all molecules to pass through…

The sodium-potassium pumps is a plasma membrane transport protein and serve to push an ion into a cell against its concentration gradient. This type of action is known as active transport because it needs the energy to be able to move the ions against their concentration gradient. Generally, the solutes being pushed in or out of a cell will go from a low concentration gradient to a high concentration gradient. The sodium-potassium pump is crucial to kidney function, nerve signaling, and heart…

followed by an increase in the permeability of the outer membrane (OM) of the bacterial cell which allows the efflux of essential ions and nutrients. Although the exact process is not very clear, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the behaviour of AMPs, mainly (1) carpet-like mechanism (2) barrel-stave mechanism and (3) toroidal mechanism. [1] In the carpet-like mechanism, the AMPs initially bind to the surface of the target cell membrane and cover it partially or…