Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Organically modified nanoclay, C 30B with a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 90 meq/100 g was procured from M/s Southern clay Products. Conc.H2SO4 (98% pure) used as sulfonating agent was supplied by Merck lab grade. The catalysts, Pt black for the cathode and Pt/Ru black for the anode, were purchased from Johnson-Matthey, USA. Nafion® 5 wt-% binder solution from E.I. DuPont Company was used for membrane electrode assembly. Nafion® 117 membrane, from E.I. DuPont Company was chosen as the…

interactions form an ecosystem. The two main processes of an ecosystem are the recycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy. Cells are a component of all living organisms and essentially are life’s basic unit of structure and function. Every cell is enclosed by a membrane which regulates materials passing between the cell and its surroundings. In addition, every cell uses DNA to determine its genetic information, which is the inheritance of genes from parent to offspring. Gregor…

Water exists in all three physical states only on planet earth, the only planet where life exists in the whole of universe. Water supports life on earth due its unique physical properties such as density, temperature variation, reflectivity, surface tension, specific heat, boiling and freezing points, as well as its chemical properties including its polar nature, dissolving ability and capacity to act both as an acid or base. The exceptional physical properties are all attributed to water’s…