Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Alternative fuels are perceived as being less likely to evaporate or otherwise find their way into the air before combustion and are less ozone-forming and less toxic if they do (Gushee, 1995). Another benefit that may be reaped from the use of alternative fuels is that gases burn cleaner than gasoline (see Table 6). As a result, less harmful emissions are created as a result of burning alternative fuels. There are of course disadvantages to the use of alternative fuel driven cars. Vehicles…

which the planet becomes increasing hotter due to the release of large amounts of greenhouse gases. These greenhouse gases that are affecting the environment to such an extreme extent are from human generated sources mostly by the burning of fossil fuels. This warming up of the planet poses a huge threat to all life on Earth. The other term “Flat” refers to the current state of the planet’s economy and how fast technology and services spread in the modern age. In recent years the Earth has…

Hydrogen vehicles are similar to electric fuels as they both run on a motor powered by electricity. However, what makes it different is where the electricity comes from. The hydrogen vehicle is powered by hydrogen fuel and batteries power the electric vehicle. Hydrogen vehicles do however come with disadvantages, as it is highly flammable because it is a very powerful source of fuel. It is also very hard to store as gas is easily transported through pipes but hydrogen…

Within the last decade, Fuel Cells have become more advanced and available to buy. The Fuel Cell was originally thought up in 1839, by a man named Sir William Grove, but a working model wasn 't made until 1959. After being used in one of NASA’s space programmes, the research and development on Fuel Cells died down and was put back in storage. In the 1900’s scientists decided to look at new ways to make these products available for commercialization. This has been successful as they are now used…

Health Care systems is based on Stem cells & Autophagy As shown in (Figure1), stem cells and Autophagy are a revolution in the medical field. Fig 1.The potential uses of stem cells The city is mainly depends on Genetic Engineering and urban agriculture Micro farming community gardening and institutional gardens ,In addition to farming some delta lands to…

fossil fuels such as coal. This is an issue because natural fuels such as coal are nonrenewable and harmful to the earth we live on. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable, that means they will run out eventually because it takes tens of thousands of years for them to form. Other sources of energy include, but are not limited to, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind energy, and hydroelectric energy. Nuclear energy is very efficient but there are major liabilities…

Fracking is Slowly killing Our Planet and the Solution is Not Out of Reach Sure, fracking can provide a quick and easy process of obtaining fuel, but it is also an quick and easy way of killing our environment. Fracking is a popular practice done around the world; if at high pressure, highly toxic chemicals mixed with water can extract gas from shale. This toxic mixture, at high pressure, is put into a pipe that extends far underground; gas pockets are released and then rise to the top of the…

the case of humanity, not only does a generation leave behind its culture, but also the state of the Earth. Over the past 50 years, there has been a significant increase in the consumption of natural resources. In addition to the depletion of fossil fuels and natural gas, this increased consumption is damaging the planet; the increased carbon dioxide levels has caused the destruction of the ozone layer, and its level of protection to the surface of Earth. More of the sun’s dangerous rays reach…

IN PEM FUEL CELL The polymer membrane is the heart of the PEM fuel cell which has some unique features. It allows protons but it is impermeable to gases, and hence it is known as a Proton Exchange Membrane. The membrane, which is squeezed between two electrodes (electrically conductive carbon cloths or carbon fiber papers) acts as electrolyte. A layer of catalyst particles (platinum) is placed at the interface between the porous electrode and polymer membrane. A schematic diagram of cell…

microbial fuel cells and mediator-free microbial fuel cells. In the mediator MFCs, mediators like methyl viologen, neutral red, thionine, methyl blue, humic acid, etc. facilitate the electrons transferred from the microbial cells to the electrode (Park and Zeikus 2000). Most of these mediators are very expensive and highly toxic to humans. Mediator-free microbial fuel cells, however, do not require a mediator, and therefore they are less expensive and much safer. The mediator-free microbial…