Protein

All genes of living organisms are translated into proteins according to a single genetic code. Eighteen out of the twenty amino acids are encoded by multiple codons, called synonymous codons. If the ultimate goal of protein translation is to produce the encoded amino acid, each synonymous codon should be used equally. Interestingly however, biased usage among synonymous codons occurs in organisms like Escherichia coli and yeast. Codon usage bias refers to the fact that some synonymous codons are…

Haemoglobin is made up of globular protein and an iron- rich compound known as haem. It is found in red blood cells and is involved in the transport of oxygen around the body. Red blood cells do not have a nucleus, increasing the amount of space for haemoglobin. There are approximately 300 million haemoglobin molecules in each red blood cells. The structure of haemoglobin enables it to carry oxygen with high efficiency. It has a quaternary structure made up of four globin subunits, most commonly…

Collagen Collagen functions as a structural component. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and is the substance that holds the whole body together. It is found in the bones, muscles, skin and tendons, where it forms a scaffold to provide strength and structure. Lupus is a collagen vascular disease that causes unique symptoms in each patient. Additional symptoms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, headaches, and dry eyes. People with lupus may have long periods of…

Preparation for Cell Lysis Obtain the mammalian expression vector for homo sapien ESR2 from Addgene. Assemble the vector to code for the proteins snail, slug and twist. Transfect HEK293 cells with the modified plasmids in petri dishes. Allow the cells to grow for 1-2 days so they will express the proteins. Transfer the culture medium to a centrifuge tube to separate it from the cells. Add 1mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to the cells and swirl to mix. Separate the PBS from the cells and…

functions as the template for protein synthesis it carries genetic information from DNA to a ribosome and helps to assemble amino acids in their correct order. Each amino acid in a protein is specified by a set of three nucleotides in the mRNA, called a codon. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs contain three primaryregions .The 5 untranslated region is a sequence of nucleotides that is at the 5 end of the mRNA and does not code for the amino acid sequence of a protein. In bacterial mRNA, this…

indicated by the choosemyplate.gov analysis? What can be done to improve these areas? The greatest consistent deficiency in my diet was protein. Throughout all three days I was under the target amount. I would say that I need to add more foods that have a large amount of protein such as; turkey, fish (halibut), and egg whites. Not only was I under the target amount for protein, I was also under the target amount of dietary fiber. This means I need to start eating foods with more dietary fiber…

3.1: Ligand preparation: A series of benzimidazole derivatives were used to prepare the ligand dataset using benzimidazole as the query molecule. All the inhibitors selected comply with the Lipinski rule of five. A total of 50 molecules were taken up for the study. 3.2 Virtual screening: To further screen the compounds, additional similarity metrics were calculated by ROCS. ROCS is a shape based superposition method used to perceive similarity between molecules based on their three dimensional…

Introduction Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a transport protein in cow’s blood stream, similar to Human serum albumin in human blood. It binds different types of drugs for delivery to various parts of the body. One of these drugs is warfarin, a blood anticoagulant. This research project’s focus was on the interaction between BSA and warfarin derivatives; our assumption was that the protein binding site has different affinities for different warfarin derivatives; this was to be determined by…

installed and was ready to use. “Five, four, three, two, one, BLAST-Off” chanted Captain Xerox at headquarters, and with that our micro-V96 craft was propelled towards the cell membrane for the first leg of our journey to investigate the process of Protein Synthesis in a eukaryotic animal cell. The cell membrane is a delicate wall of phospholipid molecules, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that swayed and looked like a mosaic. Our craft could not enter the cell directly…

Functions of protein TP53 TP53 has a general name called tumor suppressor protein p53. Tp53 has many names such as phosphoprotein p53, cellular tumor antigen p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53). Also, TP53 has also been referred to as the guardian of the genome [19]. In 1979, scientists first observed the gene by using SDS-PAGE and found it has a size of about 53-kilodalton (kDa). The location of the TP53 gene is at chromosome 17, at…