Protein

Parkin is usually overexpressed in response to unfolded protein stress and shown to alleviate ER stress by protecting the cell from apoptosis via its E3 activity (Imai, Soda, & Takahashi, 2000). Parkin mediates the formation of a lysine-48 polyubiquitin chain linked to the target protein, which functions as a signal for degradation by the proteasome thus it maintains the turnover of misfolded and short-lived intracellular proteins (Chew et al., 2011).The ubiquitin-ligase Park2, once it is…

Background Information Milk is about 3.3% total protein and these proteins contain all nine essential amino acids. Milk proteins can be categorized into two groups, the casein proteins and the serum proteins. Casein proteins contain a phosphorous and will coagulate at a pH level of about 4.6; serum proteins do not contain a phosphorous and therefore will not coagulate at a pH of 4.6. Serum proteins can be found in the whey while casein proteins are part of the curd (Milk Facts). The standard…

A relationship with numbers and codes is my fate. I learned math for an Olympic Mathematics Competition that I’ve been involved in since I was 9 years old. I became familiar with algorithms like congruence, Horner algorithm and graph theory before I could use a computer. Now as a senior in the school of mathematics at XX University, one of the top three mathematical schools in China. I chose math as my major to build a good mathematical foundation to thoroughly learn about computer science. With…

5. How does Leishmania tropica evade the immune system? Leishmania tropica surface molecule glycoprotein 63 (gp36) is found throughout the parasite surface and has the potential to degrade immunoglobulins, complement factors, and lysosomal proteins (Olivier et al. 2005). Gp36 can cleave C3b into an inactivated form and C3bi will appear on the surface of the membrane and hinders the formation of C5 convertase (Gupta et al. 2013). It is also able to use C3bi to bind to complement receptor 3…

modulates the activity of the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) (3). SIRT1 belongs to a protein family consisting of seven (SIRT1-SIRT7) individual members that are unique Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-deacetylases. They regulate cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and modulate stress responses by interacting with multiple signalling proteins, transcriptional factors and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) (33). In the study by…

Chromatography, LDH was separated by hydrophobicity using Cibacron Blue Agarose as a ligand. Once the samples were loaded into the column, wash buffers were used to elute down proteins that didn’t bind to the ligand. Afterwards, 1M NaCl was used to disrupt the interaction between the ligand and the target protein so that LDH proteins could elute down. Through this elution process, 20 fractions were collected after 1M NaCl was added and LDH spot test was performed. Graph 1: Plot of elution…

The structure of an enzyme is important because if the structure of the protein is denatured, the protein can not function properly either. Being denatured can be caused by many things but changing the pH or temperature are the main ways to make a protein not to function properly. Any little change in the sequence from protein folding can cause dramatic consequences that might lead to disease or sickness. Cystic Fibrosis is a common disease that affects the whole body, the main and most…

include the nucleus, as I discussed previously, is the center of the cell and is the largest organelle and plays the most important biological role. The nucleus of the cell is packaged into what we know as chromosomes. Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins that carry all the genetic information of an organism. The nucleus is also the site for DNA and RNA synthesis. The mitochondria, which is a bilayer structure that generates adenine triphosphate (ATP), a form of energy (SparkNotes: Intracellular…

Her-2/neu Test HER2/neu is a protein found on the surface of all breast cells. HER2/neu plays a role in normal cell growth. It also is found on the surface of some breast cancer cells. This means the tumor is HER2/neu-positive. A breast cancer cell that has a high level of HER2/neu can make breast cancer more likely to grow and spread. Sometimes these types of tumors can also be more aggressive (overexpression). They also can respond differently to treatment than HER2/neu-negative tumors. You…

diet. The RDA recommends we consume 0.8 grams of protein for every Kg that a person weighs. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. (2002) Proteins consists of amino acids, these are often referred to as its building blocks. Human beings have a biological requirement for amino acids and cannot synthesise 9 of the 20 most common. These 9 are called the essential amino acids and must be a part of our diet in order to make all the necessary proteins. Red meat has high amounts of these…