Protein

Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria with the sole purpose of replication, as phages cannot do it on their own. The phage structure consists of a capsid, a protein head that houses nucleic acids, and a tail, which allows for nucleic acid transfer during the infection of bacteria. The first step in phage bacterial infection is attachment, in which the phage tails have the role of cell surface receptor localization (Rhakuba, et al., 2010). Next, the phage injects its genetic material…

1. Pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic amines which, together with purines, form nucleotides. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, the basic structural component of DNA and RNA. The pyrimidines in DNA are cytosine and thymine, and in RNA uracil replaces thymine (Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell, Farrell & Torres, 2013). 
DNA and RNA are found in the nuclei of all cells and their job is to transmit the information needed for cellular growth and reproduction (Averill & Eldredge,…

Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at a lab in which involved numerous steps and experimental procedures. The overexpression and reduction of expression of the DJ-1 protein was acted upon normal endometrial cells and endometriotic cells through utilization of siRNA was studied. For the purpose of this experiment, several reagents were used such as: DMEM, FCS, antibiotics, and phenol red free DMEM. There were several…

marismortui’s two pch proteins, pch1 and pch2, are structurally very similar and in fact both contain a TrkA N-domain (Figure A and D) (Mitchell, et al. 2015). Despite these similarities, both show dissimilar expression patterns in Har. marismortui under low potassium stress…

larger peptides having molecular weight of 1.5 – 10 kDa, aqueous protein precipitation is done using TFA ot TCA upto 10%, followed by evaporation or solid phase extraction to remove the acid. PEGylated proteins of larger sizes, with molecular weight of 40-50 kDa, possess a unique hydrophobicity which allows their precipitation. The PPT step denatures the proteins and removes matrix effect causing componenets. The precipitated proteins are then digested using trypsin and the analysed using LC-MS.…

determined by the antigenic differences in their structural components nucleoprotein and matrix protein (M1) (Bourmakina and García-Sastre, 2005). Both nucleoproteins and MI proteins are crucial to the survival of the virus. In Influenza A’s RNA, it’s genomes call for 9 structural and 2 nonstructural proteins (Noda, 2011). In Influenza B’s RNA, it’s genomes call for 10 structural and 1 nonstructural protein (Noda, 2011). Of these three categorizes of Influenza, Influenza A is then broken down…

Lamb &Krug ,2001, Fields virology, 4th edt. ).The genome is segmented, with 8 RNA fragments (7 for influenza C). There are 4 antigens present, the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), the matrix (M) and the nucleocapsid proteins. HA and NA are the major antigenic proteins which classify influenza…

Calpain has been shown as a very prevalent protein found in a variety of organisms. There are a variety of different calpain proteins that have been discovered, each serving a different function [4]. Recent studies have indicated a correlation between the amount of calpain present and the loss of visual function due to various ocular degenerative diseases [2]. This study will be focusing on the adverse effects of calpain on the retina of mice, and how they differ from the norm. The eye is one of…

organic molecules it contains. These tests are referred to as the Benedict’s, Lugol’s, Biuret, and Sudan IV tests and are each used to identify an organic compound. For instance, Benedict’s checks for reducing sugars, Lugol’s for starch, Biuret for protein, and Sudan IV for lipids. When testing the unknown with each reagent, the substance only tested positive for reducing sugars. Based on the results of this experiment and what was known about the possible unknowns it could have been, it was…

co-immunoprecipitation of HEK293T cells stably expressing FLAG-RagB who are starved from 50mins and then re-stimulated with glutamine for 10mins and immunoblot for endogenous FLCN levels. If FLCN is glutamine sensitive, you should see a transition from protein interaction between FLCN and RagB seen under…